الإ نسان وعلم النفس

98 اﻻﻧﺴﺎن وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ وﻣﻦ أﻫﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻛﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚءLSD. وﻳﺼﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﺪرﺟﺎت ﺧﻄﺮةﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء وﺑﻬﻮﻳﺘﻪ وﻛﺄن ﺟﺴﻤﻪ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ إﻧﺴـﺎن آﺧـﺮ. ﻓـﻀـﻼ ﻋـﻦ ﻫـﺬا ﺗـﺰداد ﺣﺪة اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺪرﻛﺎت اﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ. وﻳﻌﺘـﻘـﺪ ﺑـﻌـﺾ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟـﺘـﻌـﺎﻃـﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ ل-LSD اﻧﻬـﻢ ﻳﺮوﺣﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻳﺸﻌﺮون ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ أﻧﻬﻢ اﻧﺘﻬﺎء رﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺎر-أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺣﻴﺎة أﺧﺮى ﻟﺸﺨﺺ آﺧﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻵﺰةﻀﻚ-ع-ﺟـﺎﻣـﺎ ﻋـﻤـﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺒﻞ ذﻟﻚ. وﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺎرﻳﺠﻮاﻧﺎ وﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﳊﺸﻴﺶ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﺌﺔ. وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ+ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺎرﻳﺠﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل. ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗـﺨـﺘـﻠـﻒ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟـﻌـﺪواﻧـﻲ واﻟـﻬـﻮاﺟـﺲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ اﳋﻤﺮ ﻛﺎﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻬﺪﺋﺔ أو اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺴﻜﻨﺔ. وآﺛﺎرﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺦ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل.. ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻮد اﻹﺳﺮاف ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ ﺗﺪﻫﻮر ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ورﻵﺰةﻀ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎرﻳﻮاﻧﺎ. أﻣﺎ آﺛﺎرﻫﺎ اﻹدراﻛﻴﺔ اﳊﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة وﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻹدراﻛﺎت اﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ اﻷﻟﻮان أﻛﺜﺮ زﻫﻮا وﺗﺰداد ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻤﺲﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ إدراك اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﺘﺠﻪ اﻟﺸﺨـﺺ إﻟـﻰ اﻻﻫـﺘـﻤـﺎم ﺑـﺎﳊـﺎﺿـﺮ دون اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﺗﺴﺎوي ﻧﺼﻒ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ. وﺗﺒﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث أن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺎرﻳﻮاﻧﺎ أو اﳊﺸﻴﺸﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻘﻮة اﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ إﻻ أن اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﺒﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ ﺻﻮرة أﺧـﺮى وإن ﻟـﻢ ﺗـﻜـﻦ ﻣـﺨـﺘـﻠـﻔـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ أن اﻹﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﺎﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺘﻌﺔ اﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻳﺰدادﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء (. وﻳﺒﺪو٩١٬٩أو اﻟﻘﻮة اﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ذاﺗﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺰداد ﺑﻞ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ )اﻧﻈﺮ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺮﺟﻌﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ أن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮه ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﺤﻮلﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء واﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻮدة ﻳﺰداد ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﻔﺎء اﻟﻀﻮاﺑﻂﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ذاﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻞ. ﻋﻠﻰ أن أﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن اﺳﻢ delta-9- THC. وﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن 5*) synthetic lysergic acid deithylamide + marijuana

99 أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك (٦١)ﺷﻜﻞ ﻵﺰةﻀﻀكة?كﺟﺎذج ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ اﻟﻬﻠﻮﺳﺔ ﻓــﻴـــﻨـــﻴـــﻠـــﻴـــﺘـــﺎﻣـــﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ Phenylethylatnine ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻬﻨﻮد اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻜﺴﻴﻠﻮن اﻟﺰﻫﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺒﺎتﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻹﺛﺎرة ﺻﻮر ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺔ زاﻫـﻴـﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ. اﻧـﺪول اﻟــﻜــﺎﻟــﻮﻳــﺪ Indole Alkaloid اﻟــﺬي ﻳﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺎر اﻟﻬﻠﻮﺳﺔ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻌﺮوف اﻟـ LSD اﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺑﻴﺲCannabis واﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﳊﺸﻴﺶ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻌﺮوف أﺣﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ. ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ أﺟﺰاء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء وﻳﻌﺮف ﺑﺄﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡـﻔـﻴـﻒ اﻟـﻨـﺒـﺎت ﺛـﻢ ﻳـﻀـﻐـﻂ وﻵﺰةﻀﻚ أو اﻟﺸﺮب ﺑﺎﻹذاﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻘﻬﻮة. ﺑﻴﺒﺮدﻳـﻦ Piperdine زﻫﺮة ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﻋﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﻫﻠﻮﺳﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت ﻃﺒﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى.

100 اﻻﻧﺴﺎن وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ازدﻳﺎد ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ-ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ-ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺪﻫﻮر اﻟـﻮﻇـﺎﺋـﻒ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻘﻮة اﳉﺴﻤﻴﺔ. ﻟﻬﺬا ﺗﻘﻞ ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻹﻧـﺘـﺎج وﻛـﻤـﻴـﺘـﻪ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻨـﺸـﺎﻃـﺎت اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﳊﺸﻴﺶ واﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺎرﻳﻮاﻧﺎ )ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ اﻧﻈﺮ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺮﺟﻌـﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ ( )وﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﻓﻮاﺋﺪﻫـﺎ وﻣـﻀـﺎرﻫـﺎ٩٬ ٧ ( اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ: ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ وﻓﻮاﺋﺪﻫﺎ وﻣﻀﺎرﻫﺎ(.١- ١اﻧﻈﺮ ﺟﺪول ) ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﺮض ﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ وﺧﺼـﺎﺋـﺼـﻬـﺎ أن ﻧـﺸـﻴـﺮ إﻟـﻰ أن اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻃﺎﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺻـﻮل إﻟـﻰ ﺣـﺎﻟـﺔ أﺣـﺴـﻦ ﺟـﺴـﻤـﻴـﺎ وﻧﻔﺴﻴﺎﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻗﺪر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻘﻈﺔﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻟﺸﺨﺺ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺸﻮة واﻟﺴﺮور واﻟﻘﻮة اﳊﺴﻴﺔ.. أو ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻫﺪاف. ( وﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﺿﻨﺎه ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ أن اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴـﺮ١- ١وﻳﺒﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ ﻟﻨﺎ اﳉﺪول ) ﺗﺆدي ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ واﻟﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻫﺪاف ﻣﻨﻬﺎ. ﻟﻜﻦ ﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺎذا إذن ﻻ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻃﻰ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ داﻣﺖ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ?. ﻫﻨﺎك أرﺑﻌﺔ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻵﺰةﻀﻚ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ. ﻓﻤﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ. ﻧﻌﺮف أن ﻛﺜﻴﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺮﺿﻰ واﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟـﻀـﻄـﺮﺑـﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ واﻟـﺘـﻌـﺴـﺎء ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ أﻧﻮاﻋﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗـﻴـﺮ اﻟـﻄـﺒـﻴـﺔ وﻏـﻴـﺮ اﻟـﻄـﺒـﻴـﺔ ﻟـﻜـﻦ أﻣﺮاﺿﻬﻢ واﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺗﻈﻞ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﺔ وﻻ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ. ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ إذن ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺸﻜﻼت وﻟﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻫﺮوﺑﺎ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ. وﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ. ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻘﺎر اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺜﻴﺮ ﺷﻌﻮرا ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻬﺠﺔ واﻟﺴﺮور ﻓﻲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻌﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ إﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﺎﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب واﳊﺰن ﻓﻲ ﺷﺨﺺ آﺧﺮ. وﻗﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻤﺨﺪر ﻣﻨﻬﺎ واﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺴﻜﻦ. ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎن ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻋﻘﺎر ﻣﻌﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ ﺑﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻟﻄﺒـﻴـﻌـﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻴﺔ وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ. وﻳﻮﺟﺪ-ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ-ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻹدﻣﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴـﺮ اﻟـﻄـﺒـﻴـﺔ واﻟـﻌـﺎﻣـﺔ )ﻣـﺜـﻞ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟـﻬـﺪﺋـﺎت ﻛﺎﻟﻔﺎﻟﻴﻮمﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺣﺪ وأﻗﻮى. وﻳـﺮﺗـﺒـﻂ اﻹدﻣـﺎن ﺑـﺴـﺒـﺐ راﺑـﻊ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻓﺮاط ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺎر ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺺ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﳊﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺎت أﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ.

101 أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﺟﺪول ١-١ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ: ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ وﻓﻮاﺋﺪﻫﺎ وﻣﻀﺎرﻫﺎ noonfinal/meeminitial /lamisolated/wawisolated/aleffinal/noonmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /behisolated/aleffinal/behmedial/seeninitial/alefwithhamzaaboveisolated /behisolated/aleffinal/behmedial/seeninitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated ا afii62760/afii62824/afii62766/afii62818/afii62817 /tehmarbutafinal/noonmedial/kafmedial/seenmedial/lamwithmeeminitial/alefisolated /yehwithrehfinal/qafinitial/aleffinal/qafmedial/ainmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /behisolated/rehfinal/sheenmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /fehwithyehisolated /lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /tehmarbutaisolated/rehisolated/dalisolated/aleffinal/nooninitial /lamfinal/kafinitial/aleffinal/sheenmedial/lamwithmeeminitial/alefisolated /noonfinal/meeminitial /behisolated/wawisolated/rehfinal/lamwithhehinitial/alefisolated /dalfinal/yehmedial/lammedial/qafmedial/tehinitial/wawisolated /tehmarbutaisolated/alefisolated/rehisolated/aleffinal/lamwithmeemwithjeeminitial/alefisolated /ainfinal/fehmedial/tehinitial/rehfinal/meeminitial /yehisolated/dalisolated/wawwithhamzaabovefinal/yehinitial /meemfinal/ainmedial/nooninitial /behwithyehfinal/sadmedial/ainmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /zainisolated/aleffinal/hehmedial/lamwithjeeminitial/alefisolated /fehfinal/kafinitial /fehwithyehisolated /rehisolated/wawfinal/hehinitial/dalfinal/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated-/tahisolated/alefisolated/rehfinal/fehinitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /rehisolated/wawfinal/meemmedial/lamwithkhahinitial/alefisolated :/lamfinal/thehmedial/meeminitial /tehmarbutafinal/yehwithhamzaaboveinitial/dalfinal/hehmedial/lamwithmeeminitial/alefisolated/wawisolated /lamwithaleffinal/yehwithhamzaaboveinitial/aleffinal/seeninitial /tehisolated/lamwithalefisolated/aleffinal/hahinitial /hamzaisolated/wawisolated/dalfinal/lamwithhehinitial/alefisolated /noonfinal/aininitial /thehfinal/hahmedial/behmedial/laminitial/alefisolated/wawisolated /tahisolated/lamwithaleffinal/tehmedial/khahinitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /hamzaisolated/aleffinal/qafinitial/dalfinal/sadinitial/alefwithhamzaaboveisolated :/tehmarbutafinal/khahinitial/wawisolated/dalfinal/laminitial/alefisolated-/hamzaisolated/aleffinal/khahinitial/rehfinal/tehmedial/seeninitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /arabiccomma /yehwithrehfinal/kafmedial/fehmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /fehfinal/yehwithhamzaaboveinitial/aleffinal/zahinitial/wawisolated ./tehmarbutaisolated/yehwithrehfinal/behmedial/laminitial/alefisolated/wawisolated /yehwithnoonfinal/kafmedial/seenmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /tahisolated/aleffinal/seenmedial/behmedial/nooninitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /wawisolated/alefwithhamzaaboveisolated /tehmarbutafinal/hahinitial/alefisolated/rehfinal/laminitial/alefisolated/wawisolated /arabiccomma/thehfinal/yehinitial/dalfinal/lamwithhahinitial/alefisolated /noonfinal/seenmedial/hahinitial /tehmarbutaisolated/dalisolated/aleffinal/yehinitial/zainisolated /arabiccomma /noonisolated/alefisolated/wawisolated/dalfinal/ainmedial/laminitial/alefisolated

nmedial/hahinitial /tehmarbutaisolated/dalisolated/aleffinal/yehinitial/zainisolated /arabiccomma /noonisolated/alefisolated/wawisolated/dalfinal/ainmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /noonisolated/aleffinal/meeminitial/dalisolated/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /arabiccomma /dalfinal/behmedial/kafmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /fehfinal/yehmedial/lammedial/tehinitial /tehmarbutafinal/yehwithhamzaaboveinitial/dalfinal/hehmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated/wawisolated ./rehisolated/wawisolated/rehfinal/seenmedial/laminitial/alefisolated/wawisolated /tehmarbutaisolated/dalisolated/aleffinal/yehmedial/qafinitial /thehisolated/dalisolated/alefisolated/wawfinal/hahinitial /yehfinal/aininitial/aleffinal/meemmedial/tehmedial/jeeminitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /behisolated/aleffinal/hahmedial/seenmedial/nooninitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated ./tehisolated/alefisolated/rehisolated/aleffinal/yehmedial/seenmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /tehmarbutaisolated/wawisolated/rehfinal/thehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated/wawisolated /tehmarbutafinal/qafinitial/aleffinal/tahmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /tehmarbutafinal/qafinitial/zainfinal/ainmedial/behinitial(/noonisolated/wawfinal/noonmedial/lamwithjeeminitial/alefisolated) /yehfinal/lammedial/qafmedial/ainmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /dadisolated/rehfinal/lamwithmeeminitial/alefisolated /meemisolated/wawfinal/yehmedial/laminitial/aleffinal/fehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated / /seenisolated/wawfinal/yehmedial/tehmedial/yehmedial/behinitial/rehisolated/aleffinal/behmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /wawisolated/alefwithhamzaaboveisolated /sadisolated/alefisolated/rehfinal/qafinitial/alefwithhamzaaboveisolated /jeemisolated/lamwithaleffinal/aininitial /meemisolated/wawfinal/noonmedial/laminitial/alefisolated/wawisolated /hamzaisolated/aleffinal/khahinitial/rehfinal/tehmedial/seeninitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /tahisolated/lamwithaleffinal/tehmedial/khahinitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /ainfinal/yehmedial/jeemmedial/sheenmedial/tehinitial /ainfinal/fehmedial/tehinitial/rehfinal/meeminitial /meemfinal/ainmedial/nooninitial /zainisolated/aleffinal/hehmedial/lamwithjeeminitial/alefisolated /tehmarbutaisolated/rehisolated/aleffinal/thehinitial/alefisolated /fehfinal/kafinitial /rehisolated/alefisolated/rehfinal/qafmedial/tehmedial/seeninitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /meemisolated/dalfinal/aininitial /lamisolated/aleffinal/nooninitial/wawfinal/kafmedial/yehmedial/seeninitial /noonisolated/wawisolated/aleffinal/tehmedial/lammedial/yehmedial/meeminitial - /meemisolated/wawfinal/yehinitial/behwithrehfinal/yehmedial/laminitial /tehisolated/lamwithalefisolated/wawfinal/seenmedial/behinitial/aleffinal/kafinitial /qafisolated/rehisolated/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated "/tahisolated/aleffinal/seenmedial/behmedial/nooninitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated" /wawisolated /yehfinal/aininitial/aleffinal/meemmedial/tehmedial/jeeminitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /rehisolated/wawfinal/ainmedial/sheeninitial /arabiccomma /behwithyehfinal/sadmedial/ainmedial/laminitial/alefisolated

edial/tehmedial/jeeminitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /rehisolated/wawfinal/ainmedial/sheeninitial /arabiccomma /behwithyehfinal/sadmedial/ainmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /noonisolated/zainisolated/wawfinal/laminitial/alefisolated /noonisolated/alefisolated/dalfinal/qafmedial/fehinitial /arabiccomma /behwithyehfinal/sadmedial/ainmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /lamfinal/yehmedial/yehmedial/nooninitial/wawfinal/kafinitial/alefisolated /ainfinal/lammedial/tehmedial/behmedial/tehinitial /rehfinal/tehinitial/wawfinal/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated/wawisolated /hamzaisolated/alefisolated/wawisolated/zainfinal/nooninitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /noonfinal/aininitial /dalfinal/ainmedial/behmedial/laminitial/alefisolated/wawisolated /tehmarbutafinal/jeemmedial/yehmedial/tehmedial/nooninitial /tehmarbutafinal/jeemmedial/hehmedial/behmedial/laminitial/aleffinal/behinitial - /lamisolated/wawisolated/aleffinal/noonmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /fehwithyehisolated /tahisolated/alefisolated/rehfinal/fehinitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /qaffinal/lammedial/qafmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /noonfinal/meeminitial /fehfinal/yehmedial/fehmedial/khahmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /noonisolated/aleffinal/meeminitial/dalisolated/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated - /tehmarbutafinal/yehmedial/behmedial/sadmedial/ainmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /fehisolated/wawisolated/aleffinal/khahmedial/lamwithmeeminitial/alefisolated/wawisolated /tehmarbutaisolated/wawfinal/hehmedial/qafmedial/laminitial/alefisolated: /tehisolated/aleffinal/hehmedial/behmedial/noonmedial/lamwithmeeminitial/alefisolated /behisolated/rehfinal/sheenmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /hehfinal/yehmedial/behmedial/noonmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /hehfinal/yehmedial/behmedial/noonmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated/wawisolated /tahfinal/yehmedial/sheenmedial/noonmedial/tehmedial/lammedial/laminitial /tehmarbutafinal/lammedial/qafinitial /arabiccomma /tehmarbutafinal/fehinitial/aleffinal/yehmedial/dadmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /lamisolated/dalfinal/tehmedial/ainmedial/meeminitial /dalfinal/jeeminitial/wawfinal/yehinitial /lamwithalefisolated /zainisolated/aleffinal/hehmedial/lamwithjeeminitial/alefisolated /tahfinal/yehmedial/sheenmedial/noonmedial/tehinitial /rehisolated/alefisolated/rehfinal/qafmedial/tehmedial/seeninitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /meemisolated/dalfinal/aininitial/wawisolated /qafisolated/rehisolated/lamwithalefhamzaaboveisolatedd/alefisolated /dadfinal/ainmedial/behinitial /jeemisolated/lamwithaleffinal/aininitial /lamisolated/aleffinal/kafmedial/sheeninitial/alefwithhamzaaboveisolated/tehmarbutafinal/behinitial/wawfinal/behmedial/yehmedial/ghainmedial/laminitial/alefisolated ./tehmarbutaisolated/yehwithrehfinal/sadmedial/qafinitial /tehmarbutafinal/hahinitial/alefisolated/rehisolated /aleffinal/hehmedial/yehmedial/lammedial/aininitial /lamisolated/wawfinal/sadmedial/lamwithhahinitial/alefisolated ./behfinal/ainmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /noonfinal/meeminitial /lamfinal/yehmedial/lammedial/qafmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated

withhahinitial/alefisolated ./behfinal/ainmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /noonfinal/meeminitial /lamfinal/yehmedial/lammedial/qafmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /lamwithalefisolated/wawfinal/kafinitial/aleffinal/kafinitial/wawfinal/kafmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /arabiccomma /yehisolated/aleffinal/sheenmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /tehmarbutafinal/yehmedial/behmedial/tahinitial/dalfinal/yehwithhamzaaboveinitial/alefisolated/wawfinal/fehinitial /rehfinal/zahmedial/noonmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /tehmarbutafinal/hehmedial/jeeminitial/wawisolated /yehfinal/yehwithhamzaaboveinitial/aleffinal/yehmedial/meemmedial/yehmedial/kafmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /wawisolated/alefwithhamzaaboveisolated/yehfinal/meemmedial/lammedial/ainmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /meemfinal/seeninitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /yehfinal/tahinitial/aleffinal/ainmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated/behisolated/wawfinal/lammedial/seeninitial/alefisolated /tehmarbutafinal/yehmedial/aininitial/aleffinal/meemmedial/tehmedial/jeeminitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /tehmarbutaisolated/dalfinal/yehmedial/ainmedial/behinitial /hehfinal/jeemmedial/yehwithhamzaaboveinitial/aleffinal/tehmedial/nooninitial /tehmarbutaisolated/yehwithrehfinal/sadmedial/qafinitial /hehfinal/jeemmedial/yehwithhamzaaboveinitial/aleffinal/tehmedial/nooninitial /alefmaksuraisolated/dalfinal/lamwithmeeminitial/alefisolated /alefmaksuraisolated/dalfinal/lamwithmeeminitial/alefisolated /yehfinal/seenmedial/fehmedial/nooninitial /noonisolated/aleffinal/meeminitial/dalisolated/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /ainisolated/wawfinal/nooninitial /yehfinal/jeeminitial/wawfinal/laminitial/wawfinal/yehmedial/seenmedial/yehmedial/fehinitial /arabiccomma /tehmarbutafinal/zahmedial/qafmedial/yehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /behwithyehfinal/sadmedial/ainmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /tehmarbutaisolated/rehfinal/tehmedial/fehmedial/behinitial /ainisolated/aleffinal/tehmedial/meemmedial/tehmedial/seeninitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated/wawisolated /tehmarbutafinal/laminitial/wawfinal/hehmedial/seeninitial /fehfinal/yehmedial/lammedial/kafmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /tahisolated/alefisolated/rehfinal/fehinitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /arabiccomma /yehfinal/meemmedial/seenmedial/lamwithjeeminitial/alefisolated

102 اﻻﻧﺴﺎن وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ

103 أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك

104 اﻻﻧﺴﺎن وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻠﻴﺠﺮاﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺮﺧﺎء واﻟﻬﺪوء وﻟﻜﻦ اﻹدﻣﺎن اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة ﻫـﺬه اﳉﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺰداد اﻹدﻣﺎن وﺗﺜﺎر ﻣﺸﻜﻼت وآﺛﺎر ﺟﺎﻧـﺒـﻴـﺔ ﻧـﺘـﻴـﺠـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ وﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻻ ﲢﻤﺪ ﻋـﻘـﺒـﺎﻫـﺎﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺸﻜﻼت اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ دﻓﻌﺖ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ. ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا وذاك ﻓﺈن ﻫﻨﺎك آﺛﺎرا ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ وﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺤﻮل ﻳﺆدي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺪى اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﻜﺒﺪﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ ﻵﺰةﻀ ﻟﻨﺎ اﳉﺪول. وﻓﻲ اﻋﺘﻘﺎدﻧﺎ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﲡﻤﻊ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﺮة أﻛﻠﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ أن اﻟـﻬـﺮوب ﻣـﻦ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺸﻜﻼت ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻐﻤﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ أو اﻹدﻣﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎوﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﻮر واﻟﻮﻋﻲ واﻟﻮﺟﺪان ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ إﻻ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻏﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟـﻮاﺟـﻬـﺔ اﻟﻮاﺛﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺄ واﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺮض ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺧﺒﺮات ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﺼﺮاﻋﺎت اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺴﺘﺜﺎرةﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ. - اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺼﻤﺎء وﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ٢ ﺛﻤﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﻣﻊ اﳉﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ اﳉـﺴـﻢ. وﻣـﻦ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟـﻌـﺮوف أن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺪد: اﻟﻐﺪد ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟـﺼـﻤـﺎء وﻫـﻲ اﻟـﺘـﻲ ﺗـﻔـﺮز ﻫـﺮﻣـﻮﻧـﺎﺗـﻬـﺎ وﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺧﺎرج اﳉﺴﻢ وذﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑـﻴـﺔﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ. أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺼﻤﺎء وﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﻨﻮات ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺗﻔﺮز ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﺗﺼﺐ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم. وﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﻴﺎق ﻳﻬﻤﻨﺎ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺼﻤﺎء ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮا ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺒﺸﺮي. أﻣﺎ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺪد اﻟﺼﻤﺎء ﻓﻬﻲ إﻓﺮاز ﻣﻮاد ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﺳﻢ 6*) endocrine glands

105 أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ دورﻫﺎ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﲢﻘـﻴـﻖ ﺗـﻜـﺎﻣـﻞ وﻇـﺎﺋـﻒ اﳉـﺴـﻢ وﻵﺰةﻀﻀكة?كﺟﻮه ﻋﺒﺮ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺮاﺣﻞ اﻻرﺗﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. وﻛـﻠـﻤـﺔ ﻫـﺮﻣـﻮن ﻣـﻦ أﺻـﻞ إﻏـﺮﻳـﻘـﻲ وﻫـﻲ ﺗـﻌــﻨــﻲ )ﻣــﺤــﺮك( أو )داﻓــﻊ(. واﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺘﺮى ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﺪور. وﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮن اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮزﻫﺎ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺼﻤﺎء. ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺠﺮاﻣﺎت ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﳉﺴﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨـﺘـﻠـﻔـﺔ واﻟـﺘـﻲ ﻣـﻨـﻬـﺎ: ﻵﺰةﻀﻀكة?كﺟـﻮ اﳉﺴﻢﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ. وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﻫﺮﻣﻮن أي ﻏﺪةﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﻓﺈﻧﻪ )ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﻤﺪ أو ﻳﺒﻄﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻪﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻮل. ﻟﻬﺬا ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج داﺋﻤﺎ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺟﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺪم ﻃﻮال اﻟﻮﻗﺖ وإﻻ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ وﺧﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﻨﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻨﻬﺎ. وﺛﻤﺔ ﺳﺖ ﻏﺪد ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ دورﻫﺎ اﳋﺎص ﺗﻌﺰﻓﻪﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻫﻲ: اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻜﻈﺮﻳﺔ )أو ﺟﺎرات اﻟﺪرﻗﻴﺔ(ﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء (.٧١اﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎسﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻵﺰةﻀ ﻵﺰةﻀ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ دورﻫﺎ اﳋﺎص. وﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮزﻫﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻐﺪد ﻫﺮﻣﻮن اﻟﻨـﻤـﻮ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟـﺴـﺆول ﻋـﻦ ﻵﺰةﻀﻀكة?كﺟـﻮ اﳉـﺴـﻢ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﺴـﻨـﻮات اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺒﻜﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ. وﻣﻦ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻌﺮوف أن ﻧﻘﺺ ﻫـﺬا اﻟـﻬـﺮﻣـﻮن ﻳـﺮﺗـﺒـﻂ ﺑـﺎﻟـﻘـﺼـﺮ اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ أو ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺰاﻣﺔﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺒﻠﻮغ ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺮاز ﻧﻮع ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت ﻳـﺴـﻤـﻰ ﻫﺮﻣﻮن اﳉﻮﻧﺎدوﺗﺮوﻓﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ وﻫﻮ ﻫﺮﻣﻮن ﻣﻨﺸﻂ ﻟﻠﻐﺪد اﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻔﺮز ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ اﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ. ﻓﻀﻼ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟـﻨـﺨـﺎﻣـﻴـﺔ ﺑـﺈﻓـﺮاز أﻧـﻮاع أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺮﻣﻮن اﻟﺒﺮوﻻﻛﺘﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻨﺸﻂ إﻓﺮاز اﻟﻠﻵﺰةﻀﺄعكﺟ ﻟﺪى 7*) hormones (8*) Pituitary glands (9*) Gonadotrophine

106 اﻻﻧﺴﺎن وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻷم ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻮﻻدة وﻫﺮﻣﻮن اﻟﺜﻴﺮوﺗﺮوﻓﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺬﻫﺐ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺪرﻗﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻄﻬﺎﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﻓﻴﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ وإﻓﺮازﻫﺎ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﻲ. وﻣﻦ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻌﺮوف أن ﻫﺬا اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮن اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻀﺒﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم. وﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أن إﻓﺮازات اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻬﻴﺒﻮﺗﻼﻣﻮس وﺗﺨﺘﺰن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻨﺎﺳﺐ. واﻟﻬﻴﺒﻮﺗﻼﻣﻮس ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ أﺟﺰاء اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺦ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺘـﻮﺳـﻂﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺺ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺪة اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻛﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮه اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ. وﻗـﺪ ازداد اﻻﻫـﺘـﻤـﺎم اﻟـﻌـﻠـﻤـﻲ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﺴـﻨـﻮات اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻴﺒﻮﺗﻼﻣﻮسﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻت. ﻓـﻬـﻮ اﻟـﺬي ﻳـﺘـﺤـﻜـﻢ ﻓـﻲ إﺛـﺎرة ( أﻫﻢ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺼﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن.٧١ﺷﻜﻞ) ﻓﺺ اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻏﺪة ﺟﺎردرﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔاﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺪرﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻈﺮﻳﻪ )اﻟﻘﺸﺮة واﻟﻨﺨﺎع( اﻟﻴﺘﻤﻮﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎس اﳋﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺒﻴﺾ اﳋﺼﻴﺔ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺒﻴﻀﺎن ﻓـــــــــــــﻲ اﳋﺼﻴـﺘـﺎناﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺮأة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺟﻞ

107 أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺴﻤﺒﺜﺎوﻳﺔ واﻟﻼﺳﻤﺒﺜﺎوﻳﺔﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء وﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺪم. ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻌﺮوف ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ أن اﻟﻬﻴﺒﻮﺗﻼﻣﻮس ﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺤﻜـﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﳉﻨﺴـﻲ. وﺗـﺪل اﻟـﺘـﺠـﺎرب ﻋـﻠـﻰ أن إﺛـﺎرة ﻫـﺬا اﳉـﺰء ﻣـﻦ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟـﺦ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎ أو ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎ )أو ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﳊﻮادث واﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ( ﻳﺨﻠﻖ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺎ زاﺋﺪا اﳊﻴﻮان واﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﺗﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ اﻟﻠﺬة اﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺪﻓﻊ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ اﳉـﻨـﺴـﻴـﺔ واﻟﺘﺰﻳﻦﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﺟﺰءا ﻛﺒﻴﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﺬة اﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ أﻣﺎ اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴـﺔ وﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺧـﻼﻳـﺎ اﳉـﺴـﻢ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ وﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ أو ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة. وﻣﻦ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻌﺮوف أن زﻳﺎدة إﻓﺮازات اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ واﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎل واﻹدراكﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳋﻠﻂ واﻟﻬﺬﻳﺎنﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻬﺪم واﻟﺒﻨﺎء; وزﻳﺎدة ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺪمﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ. أﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺺ إﻓﺮاز اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮن اﻟﺪرﻗﻲ ﻓﻴﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ اﻟﺸﻌﺮﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻔﺮط ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮودةﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﻋﻠﻰ اﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ أﻏﺮاﺿﻬﺎ ﺑﻂء اﻟﻨﻤﻮ وﺟﻔﺎف اﳉـﻠـﺪﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء وﻫـﻰ اﻷﻋـﺮاض اﻟـﺘـﻲ ﻵﺰةﻀﻚ-ع-ﺟـﻴـﺰ ﻣـﺎ ﻳـﺴـﻤـﻰ ﺑـﺎﻟـﻘـﺼـﺎع اﻟـﺬي ﻳـﺘـﻤـﻴـﺰ أﻳـﻀــﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺬﻛﺎء ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻪ. أﻣﺎ اﻟﻐﺪد ﺟﺎرات اﻟﺪرﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻓﺮاز ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎتﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻵﺰةﻀﻚ-ع-ﺟﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم واﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮرﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء واﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ. 10*) thyroid (11*) metabolism (12*) Cretenism (13*) Parathyroid

108 اﻻﻧﺴﺎن وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﺘﻘﻊ ﺧﻠﻒ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻌﺪة وﻣﻦ أﻫـﻢ أﺟـﺰاﺋـﻬـﺎ ﺟـﺰء اﻟﺬي ﻳﻔﺮز ﻫﺮﻣﻮن اﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻨﻈﻢ+ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺟﺰر ﻻﳒﺮﻫﺎﻧﺲ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم وﺿﺒﻄﻪ. وﻟﻬﺬا ﻓﺎن ﻧﻘﺺ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻬﺮﻣﺮن ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺴﻜﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﺮف ﺑﺤﻘﻦ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺮﻳـﺾ ﺑـﺎﻷﻧـﺴـﻮﻟـﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ ﻟـﺘـﻌـﻮﻳـﺾ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ. ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺪﺗﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ اﻷدرﻳـﻨـﺎﻟـﻴـﺘـﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ اﻟﻠﺘﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻜﻠـﻴـﺘـﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ.++ وﻳﺨﻀﻊ إﻓﺮاز اﻟﻐـﺪة اﻻدرﻳـﻨـﺎﻟـﻴـﺔ ﻟـﺘـﻨـﺒـﻴـﻪ ﻣـﻦ اﳉـﻬـﺎز اﻟـﻌـﺼـﺒـﻲ اﻟـﻼإداري » اﻷدرﻳﻨﺎﻟﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ واﻟﻨﻮرادرﻳﻨﺎﻟﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ اﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻤﺎن ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﳉﺴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﻗﻒ اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺎرﺋﺔ ﺑﺼﻮرة إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺪم وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺐ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ. وﻫﻲ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻮﻇـﺎﺋـﻒ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟـﺼـﺎﺣـﺒـﺔ ﻟـﻼﺳـﺘـﺠـﺎﺑـﺎت اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ اﳉﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﺴﻤﺒﺜﺎوي. أﻣﺎ اﻟﻐﺪﺗﺎن اﳉﻨﺴﻴـﺘـﺎن ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻧﺎن ﻣﻦ اﳋﺼﻴﺘﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ ﻋـﻨـﺪ اﻟـﺬﻛـﻮر وﺗﻔﺮزان اﳊﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻨﻮﻳﺔﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء وﲢﺪد ﻛﻞ ﻏﺪة ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﻨـﺲﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻟﻌﻀﻼتﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻟﺜﺪﻳﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ وﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ lاﻟﻌﺎدة اﻟﺸﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﻧﺎث اﳋﻼﺻﺔ أﺻﺒﺢ اﻵن ﻣﻦ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﺟـﻮاﻧـﺐ اﻟـﺴـﻠـﻮك اﻟـﺒـﺸـﺮي ﻷﻏﺮاض ﻋﻼﺟﻴﺔ )أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻼﺟﻴﺔ( ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. وﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺦ واﳉﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ. واﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴـﺮ أﻧـﻮاع ﻣـﻨـﻬـﺎ: اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟـﺴـﻜـﻦﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء 14*) Pancreas + islts of Langerhans ++ adrenal (15*)sex glands

109 أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك واﻟﻤﺨﺪرﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗـﻌـﺪﻳـﻞ اﳊـﺎﻻت اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء واﻹﻓﺮاطﺰﺚﻘﺚﻚء ﻋﻦ اﻵﺰةﻀﻐ?ﻟﻤﺨعﲢطضﺟﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدي ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻘﺎر ﻣﻌﻵﺰةﻀﻚهعذﺟ. واﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟـﺘـﻲ ﺗـﺆﺛـﺮ ﺑـﻬـﺎ اﻷﻋـﻀـﺎء ﻋـﻠـﻰ اﻟـﺴـﻠـﻮك ﺗـﺘـﻤـﺜـﻞ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮزﻫﺎ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺼﻤﺎء وﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﳉﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺘـﻠـﻔـﺔ وﻵﺰةﻀﻀكة?كﺟـﻮه. وﻟـﻬـﺬا ﻓـﺎن زﻳـﺎدة اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت أو ﻧﻘﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﳉﺴﻢ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﺧﺘـﻼل ﺑـﺪﻧـﻲ ﻳـﻜـﻮن ﻟـﻪ ﻧـﺘـﺎﺋـﺞ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ واﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻄﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻧﻘﺺ ﻫﺮﻣﻮن اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﻴﺔ وﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺤﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ وﻋﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ. ﻫـﺬا ﻓـﻀـﻼ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻼﺣﻈﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺎرﺰع

110 اﻻﻧﺴﺎن وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ