التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة د.اسامه محمد الحسيني

ge (marketing age). Rabbits were weight and slaughtered after fasting f or 12 hours (Lukefahr et al, 1992). Carcass trails were evaluated according to Blasco et al. (1992) after slaughtering and complete bleeding (Within 30 minutes) K Hot carcass weight (HCW) including liver, Kidneys, head, lungs, esophagus, trachea, thumus an d heart was ontained after slaughter. Dresing percentage was estimated as hot carcass weight (HCW) relative to pre - slaughter body weight. Giblets weight (liver, kidneys, heart and spleen) and carcass components were obtained and their proportion to the liv e body weight were calculated. Cold carcass weight (CCW) was obtained after refrigerating the hot carcass between 0 and 4 °C for 24 hors.

٦٥٤ Drip loss percentage was calculated as [(HCW – CCW / HCW] x 100. The chemical composition of rabbits meat was carried out according to A.O.A.C. methods (1990). Energy values (EV) of rabbit meat (cal/100g) were calculated according to winton and Winton (1958) as follows: EV (cal/100g) = 4.1 (% Protein + % Carbohydrates) + 9.3 (% Fat). Lukefahr, S.D.; Van - Vleck, L.D. and R oberts, J. D. (1992). Estimates of components of variance and covariance of carcass traits in rabbits using animal model. A.O.A.C. (1990). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official methods of analysis. 15 th Edition. Washington D.C. Winton, A. L. and Winton, K. B. (1958). Okaloffs Magnesium Oxide Distillation Volumetric Method. The Analysis of Foods, pp. 848. John Wiley, New York, Chapman Hall, Ltd. London. * - At the end of the experimental period, rabbits from each group were randomly taken, fa sted for 12 hours and slaughtered to evaluated carcass characteristics. Heart, Kidneys, Liver and other organs were weighed and percentages were calculated according to Steven et al., (1981). Carcass composition and meat/bone ratio of hind leg were recorde d. Steven, W.D., W.D. Hohenboken, P.R. Cheeke, N.M. Potton, and W.H. Kennich (1981). Carcass and meat characteristics of Flemish giant and New Zealand White purebred and terminal cross rabbits, Journal of Applied Rabbit Research, 4:66 - 71. ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺪم : * - Blood samples were taken at the time of slaughter from the ear vein from each rabbit. Total protein was determined according to Doumas and Biggs (1972) and albumin by colorimetric method of Doumas et al. (1971). Globulin value was obtained by subtracting t he value of albumin from the corresponding value of total protein. Creatinine was determined by the colorimetric method of Bartles et al. (1972) and total cholesterol by the method of Richmond (1973). AST and ALT values were determined calorimetrically acc ording to Reitman and Franke (1957). Doumas, B.T. and H.G. Biggs (1972). The colorimetric determination of total protein in serum or plasma. Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry, Vol.(7). Academic Press. New York. Doumas, B.T., W. Wabson and H.G. Biggs ( 1971).Albumin standards and measurement of plasma albumin with bromocresol green. Clin. Chem. Acta., 31:87. Bartles, H., M. Bohmer and C. Heirli. (1972). Determination of creatinine in blood plasma by colorimetric kinetic method. Clin. Chem. Acta., 37:193 Richmond, W. (1973). Preparation and properties of a cholesterol oxidase from Nocardia sp. And its application to the enzymatic assay of total cholesterol in serum. Clinical of Chem., 19:1350. Reitman, S. and S.I. Franke (1957). Determination of AST and ALT in serum. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 28:56 - 59. Inernal fat weight (%). Meat / bone ratio. Blood samples were taken from male rabbits of each diet to determine urea and ammonia by using commercial kits and colorimetically methods, following the same steps as described by manufactures. The microbial content of the caecum of same slaughtered

nd ammonia by using commercial kits and colorimetically methods, following the same steps as described by manufactures. The microbial content of the caecum of same slaughtered rabbit (6 rabbits/diet) was estimated in their selective media, as described by Bryany and Robinson (1961) for total microbial count, Hungate (1957) for C ellulolytic bacteria, Difco (1971) for ureolytic bacteria and DE man and Sharpe (1960) for Lactobacilli, Technique of colony forming unit (CFU) was adopted. Incubation took place at 30°C for 2 - 7 days. Data of growth experiment, digestibility, nitrogen bala nce, caecal microbial count and blood were statistically analyzed for the effect of dietary treatments using the General Linear

٧٥٤ Model Program of SAS (1990), Duncan`s multiple range test was performed (Duncan, 1955) to detect significant differences means. Bryant, M. P. and Robinson, I. M. (1961). An improved nonselective culture medium for ruminal bacteria and its use in determining diurnal variation in numbers of bacteria in the rumen. J. Dairy Sci., 44: 1446. Hungate, R.E. (1957). Micro - organisms in the rumen of cattle fed a constant ration. Canadian J. of Mictobiol. 3: 289 - 311. Difco, M. (1971). Dehydrated culture media and reagent for microbiological clinical Laboratory Procedures. SAS Institute (1990). SAS User`s Guide: Statistics Version, Fifth Editi on. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11:1 - 42. Emmert, J. (2000). Effeciency of phase feeding in broilers. Proceeding California Animal Nutrition Conference, May 10 - 11. Fresno California, U SA. ) ٣ ( اﻷ ﺳﻤ ﺎ ك : اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﮭﻀﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ : * - All ingredient were first ground to a small particle size (approximately 250 µm) in a Wiley mill. Dry ingredients were thoroughly mixed prior to adding water to 40% moisture. Diets were passed through a minc er with die into 3 - mm diameter spaghetti - like strands, sun dried and stored in airtight containers. Proximate composition of the experimental diets was determined according to A.O.A.C (1995), while crude fiber in fish diets was determined according to meth ods of Berdon and Juko (1961). Total carbohydrate content (NFE) of diets was calculated by difference. (100 - (moisture + crude protein + crude fat + crude ash + crude fiber)). Gross energy (GE) was calculated using the gross energy values for the macronutr ients (23.4 kj g - 1 protein, 39.8 kj g - 1 fat and 17.2 kj g - 1 carbohydrate, fiber was not included in calculation) according to Lovell, 1989. A.O.A.C (1995). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official methods of analysis, 16 th edition, AOAO, Arlin gton, VG, USA. Berdon, R. M. and C. D. Juko (1961). A semi - micro technique for crude fiber determination. Journal Science Food and Agricultutre 12, 196 - 201. Lovell, R. T. (1989). Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York, New York USA. Sci., 3: 41 - 43. * - The energy value of each diet was calculated using the gross energy values for the macronutrients (5.6 kcal/g protein, 9.5 kcal/g fat and 4.1 kcal/g carbohydrate, fiber was not included in calculation). The experimental diets were pelle ted, dried and stored at - 20°C until used as described in a previous work of El - Saidy and Gaber (2001). The calculated essential amino acid concentrations in the experimental diets met or exceeded those recommended by Santiago and Lovell (1988). For digest ibility tests 0.5% Chromic oxide was included in the diets as an inert indicator (Cho and Kaushik, 1990). Each diet was given to triplicate groups of fish. The feeding rates ranged from 4% of fish weight at the begining to 2% at the end of the feeding tri al (NRC 1993). El - Saidy, D.M.S. and Gaber, M. M. A. (2001). Linseed meal - its successful use as a partial

of fish weight at the begining to 2% at the end of the feeding tri al (NRC 1993). El - Saidy, D.M.S. and Gaber, M. M. A. (2001). Linseed meal - its successful use as a partial and complete replacement for fish meal in practical diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. Second Inter. Conf. on Animal Prod. and Health in Semi - Arid Areas. Santiago, C. B. and Lovell, R. T. (1988). Amino Acid requirement for growth of Nile tilapia. Journal of Nutrition, 188: 1540 - 1546. Cho, C. Y. and Kaushik, S. J. (1990). Nutritional energetics in fish: protein and energy utilization in rai nbow trout. In Bourne, G. H. (ED), Aspects of Food Production, Consumption and Energy Values, Word Rev. Anim. Nutr., Vol. 61: 132 - 172.

٨٥٤ NRC (National Research Council) (1993): Nutrient requirements of warmwater fishes and shellfishes, National Academy of Sc iences, Washington, DC, 102 pp. Apparent nutrient digestibility: * - After one month from beginning of the experiment, the feces were collected from each aquarium every morning before start feeding for one month period. The feces were collected on filter pa per for drying and subsequent chemical analysis according to AOAC (1995) was performed. Apparent nutrient digestibility were calculated using the formula of Maynard and Loosli (1969). Apparent nutrient digestibility (%) = % Cr 2 O 3 in feed % Nutrient in feces 100 - (100x ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ x ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Cr 2 O 3 in feces % Nutrient in feed AOAC (1995) M aynard, L. A. and Loosli, J. K. (1969). Animal nutrition, 6 th edition Mc Graw - Hill, New York, NY, 613 PP. * - The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for Protein, lipid, ash and energy were calculated using the formula of Maynard and Loosli (1969). AD C = 100 x { 1 - (% dietary Cr2O3/fecal Cr2O3 x % fecal nutrient/ % dietary nutrient)}. Maynard, L. A. and Loosli, J. K. (Editors) (1969). Animal Nutrition, 6 th edition, McGraw Hill Book Company, London, 613 pp. Growth response, production and feed utilizat ion parameter were calculated as follows: SGR (%day - 1 ) = 100 (Ln final weight – Ln initial weight)/ days; Total production = final biomass (kg/m 3 ); Net production = final biomass – initial biomass (kg/m 3 ); Gain in weight (g/fish) = mean body weight – mean initial body weight; Gain in total length=mean final body total length - mean initial total length (cm/fish); Condition factor (k) = 100 (wt/L3), where Wt is fish body weight (g), L is total length (cm) ; Feed conversion ratio (FCR)= total dry feed fed (g)/ total wet weight gain (g); Feed intake (g/fish) was recorded daily and calculated at the of the experiment. Net income was determined by the difference between the sale price of the fish after harvest and the costs of fingerlings and food according to Heng sawat, et al., (1997). Hengsawat, K.; F.J. Ward and P. Jaruratjamorn (1997). The effect of stocking density on yield, growth and mortality of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell. 1822) culture in cages. Aquaculture 152, 67 - 76. * - Apparent digestib ility coefficients (ADC) were measured at the end of the experiment using three aquaria for each treatment supplied with fresh declorinated water; about one third of the water volume in each aquarium was replaced daily with aerated fresh water after cleani ng and removing the accumulated excreta. All aquaria were aerated. A photoperiod of 12h lights, 12h dark (08:00 to 17:00h) was applied. Illumination was supplied by fluorescent ceiling lights. Feces samples were collected from each aquarium every morning b efore feeding. The feces were collected by filtering net and collected on filter paper for drying and subsequent chemical analysis through the experimental period.

ery morning b efore feeding. The feces were collected by filtering net and collected on filter paper for drying and subsequent chemical analysis through the experimental period. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for protein, lipid , ash and energy were calculate d using the formula of Maynard and Loosli (1969): ADC=100 x { 1 - (% dietary Cr2O3 / fecal Cr2O3 x % fecal nutrient / % dietary nutrient)}. Golterman H.L, Clymo R.S. and Ognstad M.A.M. (1978). Methods of physical and c chemical analysis of fresh waters, Blac kwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, 214 pp. Maynard, L. A. and Loosli, (1969). Animal Nutrition, 6 th edition. McGraw Hill Bew York, USA. Fish were homogenized for whole body composition and frozen at - 18°C until analyzed. Samples were analyzed as follow s: dry matter after desiccation in an oven (105 °C for

٩٥٤ 24h), crude protein (micro kjeldahl, Nx6.25), crude lipid (ether extraction by soxlhet method), crude fiber (AOAC, 1995) and gross energy (Ballistic bomb calorimeter, Gallenkamp, England). AOAC (Assoc iation of Official Chemists), (1995). Official methods of analysis, 16 th edition, AOAC, Arlington, Virginia. ﺟﺪول رﻗﻢ ) ٩ ٣ (: Protein Sources Items % Soybean Meal (SBM) Nigella seed Meal (NSM) Sunflower Meal (SFM) Dry matter (DM) On DM basis % 92.46 93.47 90.98 Organic matter (OM) 95.11 94.58 92.99 Crude protein (CP) 44.21 34.21 31.97 Crude fiber (CF) 1.67 3.07 9.29 Ether extract (EE) 1.45 8.81 5.62 Nitrogen free extract (NFE) 47.78 48.49 46.11 Ash 4.89 5.42 7.01 The digestible energy (DE) was calculated as described by Fekete and Guppert (1986): DE ( kcal/kg DM) = 4253 – 32.6 (CF %) – 144.4 (Ash %). Seneory analysis Sensory analysis was carried out on meat stor ed in a freezer at - 16° Cfor 1 month. Meat samples were boiled in water for 30 min. A trained 12 panel members evaluated the samples using a scale of 1 to 10, Where: 1 was the lowest and 10 being the highest intensity for all. The parameterswere color, tas te, flavor, appearance, texture and overall acceptability (Kjos et al, 2000). Kjos, N. P.; Herstad, O.; Overl and M. and Skred, A., (2000). Effects of dietary fish silag and fish fat on growth performance and meat quality of broiler chicks. Cand. -------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ﺳﯿﻼج اﻟﺴﻤﻚ : * - Fish silage was prepared using trash fish of unmarke table size, which is unused for human composition, the fish were collected from the local market in kafr El - Sheikin city and well washed, minced and homogenized. One and half percent from each of conce. Sulphuric and cocn. Formic acid were added to the homogenized fish mixture according to Jackson et al. (1984). The fish mixture was transferred thereafter to plastic bags and stored at room temperature for 24 weeks. The chemical analysis of the produced fish silage after 24 weeks storage period is reported in Table (1). Plankton communities: * - Phytoplankton: phytoplankton was estimate d according to methods reported by APHA (1985). The phytoplankton organisms were counted after fixing and preserving the eater sample (on liter) by Lugol`s solution, at a ration of 30 ml to 100 ml sample. Each sample was allowed to settle overnight, then t he supernatant was siphoned off and the volume was adjusted to 100 ml from the fixed sample, then 1 ml was drawn and placed into sedgwich - Rafter cell. It was then microscopically examined for counting by means of a binocular microscopic. Zooplankton: repre sentative samples, each of 10 liters, were taken from 5 site in each pond and filtered through plankton net (55 micro mesh diameter). The precipitate was transferred into 50 ml water filtrate in a glass bottle and preserved with few drops of 4% formalin so lution.

٠٦٤ Subsequent microscopic quantatitave analysis for zooplankton organisms was conducted by using a glass counting tray of 3 x 5 x 0.5cm. the results were expressed as number of organisms in one liter of the pond (organisms/L) according to APHA (1985). Metabolic growth rate (MGR) was calculated as live gain (g) / (initial weight+final weight (g)/2x1000) 0.8 / duration period in days). The MGR was calculated according to Cho and Kaushik (1985).. Cho, C. Y. and Kaushik, S. J. (1985). Effect of protein int ake on metabolizable and net energy values of fish diets. In C. B. Cowey, A. M. Macki & J. G. Bell (Editors), Nutrition and Feeding in Fish. Acadmeic Press, London, PP. 95 - 117. a ) Average weight gain (g/fih) (AWG): WG = W2 – W1 Where: W1 = the initial weight (g) W2 = the final weight (g) b ) Average daily gain (ADG): Average daily gain (ADG) was estimated according to the following formula. W2 - W1 ADG = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ T Where: W1 = the initial weight (g) W2 = the final weight (g) T = Experimental period (d) c ) Specific growth rate (SGR) Specific growth rate (SGR) was estimated according to the following equation: Ln. W2 - Ln. W1 SGR = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Period (days) Where: Ln = Natural Logarithm (log) - 10 W1 = Mean initial weight (g) W2 = Mean final weight (g) d ) Relative growth rate was calculated acc ording to the following equation W2 - W1 RGR = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ x 100 W1 Where: W1 = the initial weight (g) W2 = the final weight (g) e ) Feed conversion ratio (FCR) Dry feed intake FCR = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ x 100 Live weight gain (g) f ) Protein efficiency ration (PER) Live weight gain (g) PER = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــ x 100 Protein intake (g) The apparent nutrient digestibilities of the experimental diets The fish were fed their last respective meal at 2000 hours, and the feed were collected the next day at 0800 hours. The collected feces were immediately frozen at - 20° C until analyzed. These samples of feces were used to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for nutrients were calculated using the following formula:

١٦٤ ADC nutrient = { 1 - (% dietary Cr 2 O 3 / % fecal Cr 2 O 3 x % fecal nutrient / % dietary nutrient)} x 100. Maynard, L. A. and Loosli, J. K. (Editors) (1969). Animal Nutrition, 6 th edition, McGraw Hill Book Company, London, 613 pp. Experimental setup * - During the experiment, the a quaria were supplied with fresh water (chlorine free). Water in aquaria was changed daily after determination of water quality parameters (at 8 h.). IIIumination, from head fluorescent lights, was set to a 14 hours lights: 10 hours dark cycle. Each group o f fish was weighed at the beginning and every week throughout the experimental period. Feces were collected during the last month of the experiment and divided into three samples. The samples were used to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for protein, lipid and energy according to Maynard and Loosli (1969). The ADC = 100x[1 - (%dietary Cr2O3/%fecal Cr2O3 x % fecal nutrient/ % dietary nutrient)]. Maynard, L. A. and Loosli, J. K. (Editors) (1969). Animal Nutrition, 6 th edition, McGraw Hill Boo k Company, London, 613 pp. اﻟﻨﻤﻮ واﻻداء اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﻰ : * - At the end of the feeding trial, the fish were weighed and data collected included weight gain %, feed conversion ratio(FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein deposition (PD%). FCR, PER and PD (%) were calculated as follows: FCR = Total feed intake (g) / (Final body weight - initial body weight)(g). PER = (Final body weight - Initial body weight)(g)/ Total protein intake (g). PD (%) = 100 x (Final body weight x final body protein – Initial body w eight x initial body protein)/ Total feed intake x dietary protein. Performance were determined according to Cho and Kaushik (1985) as following: SGR (Specific growth rate ) = ( Ln final weight – Ln intial weight / No of days experiment). FER (feed effic iency ratio) = wet weight gain (g) / dry feed intake (g). FCR (feed conversion ratio) = dry feed intake (G) / wet weight gain (g). PER (protein efficiency ratio) = weight gain (g) / protein intake (g). PPV % ( protein productive value) = [ ( final body N – initial body N) / N feed ] x 100 ABV ( apparent biological value) = PPV / ADC protein Cho. C. Y. and Kaushik. S. J. (1985). Effect of protein intake on metabolizable and net energy values of fish diets. In: C.B. Cowey, A. M. Mackie and J. G. Bell (Edittor s), Nutrition and feecinf in Fish. Academic Press, London, PP. 95 - 117. * - Five fish were randomly sampled from each aquaria at the end of the experiment. They were pooled, ground and freeze - dried, and the body crude protein, lipid, moisture and ash content were determined according to AOAC methods (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1995). AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (1995) Official Methods of Analysis (16th edition (ed. By Helrich), AOAC. Arlington. VA. * - Growth response p roduction and feed utilization parameters were calculated as follows: SGR (specific growth rate) ( % day - 1 ) = 100 (Ln final weight - Ln initial weight /days; net production = final biomass – initial biomass (kg tank - 1

alculated as follows: SGR (specific growth rate) ( % day - 1 ) = 100 (Ln final weight - Ln initial weight /days; net production = final biomass – initial biomass (kg tank - 1 ); gain in weight (g fish - 1 ) – mean fina l body weight – mean initial body weight; gain in total length = mean final body total length – mean initial total length (cm fish - 1); condition factor (k) = 100(Wt/L3). Where Wt if fish body weight (BW) (g). L is total length (cm); feed conversion ratio ( FCR) = total dry feed fed (g)/total wet weight gain (g); Feed intake (g fish - 1 ) was recorded daily and calculated at the end of the experiment. Net income was determined by the difference between the sale price of the fish after harvest and the costs of fi ngerlings and food according to Hengsawat, Ward and Jaruratjamorn (1997).

٢٦٤ Hengsawat, K., Ward and Jaruratjamorn P. (1997). The effect of stocking density on yield. Growth and mortality of African catfish (Clarias garieplnus Burchell 1822) cultured in cage s. Aquaculture 152, 67 - 76. ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﯿﺎه : * - Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured every other day (at 8:0 a - m) using titration method (Golterman et al., 1978). Dissolved oxygen was ranged between 4.14 to 5.05 mg/l. Total ammonia, nitrate an d nitrate were measured using spectrophotometer (Spectronic 601, USA). Alkalinity was monitored twice weekly using titration method of Golterman et al. (1978), pH was monitored daily using an electronic pH meter (pH pen: Fisher Scientific. Cincinnati, Ohio , USA). Golterman, H. L.; Clymo, R. S. and Ohnstad, M. A. M. (1978). Methods of physical and chemical analysis of fresh water. Blackwell Scientific Piplication, Oxford, 214 pp. * - Samples of water were taken weekly from each equarium for determination of w ater temperature using a water thermometer (daily), water pH value using digital pH meter (Orient Research Model 201), dissolved oxygen concentration using an oxygen meter (model 9070) . Analysis of NO2, NO3 and Hardness were carried out using Kits (Hach i nternational Co., Cairo, Egypt). Analysis of alkalinity was performed using a kit (LaMotte International Co., Cairo, Wgypt). 1 . The water temperature was recorded daily in one tank using mercury thermometer suspended at 30 cm water depth. 2 . dissolved oxygen we re measured daily using a YSI oxygen meter (YSI Model 58 Yellow Springs. OH). 3 . Total ammonia. nitrite and nitrate were measured twice weekly using a DREL, 2000 Spectrophotometer. (Hach, LoveLand, Co, USA). 4 . pH was monitored daily using an electronic pH meter (pH pen: Fisher Scientific. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA). 5 . alkalinity and salinity at monthly intervals in one tank per dietary treatment according to Golterman et al. (1978). Sampling was performed between 0700 and 0800 h before any exchange of water. * - Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured every other day using YSI model 58 oxygen meter (Yellow Spring Instrument, Yellow Spring, OH, USA). Total ammonia and nitrite were measured once weekly using a DREL 2000 spectrophotometer (Hach, Loveland, Co, USA). Total alkalinity and chloride were monitored once a week using the titration method and pH was monitored twice weekly using an electronic pH meter (pH pen, Fisher Scientific , Cincinnati, OH. USA). During the 28 - we3e; feeding trial, the average wate r quality parameters (± SD) were: water temperature, 27.5 ± 0.7°C ; dissolved oxygen, 5.2 ± 0.5 mgL - 1 ; total ammonia 0.2±0.1 ; nitrite 0.05 ± 0.03 mgL - 1 ; total alkalinity. 182 ± 45 mgL - 1 ; chlorides, 550 ± 120 mgL - 1 and pH 7.6±0.16. * - Water quality para meters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia nitrate and nitrite ) were monitored to ensure water quality remained well within limits recommended for common carp. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured every other day using an YSI Model 58 oxygen meter. Total ammonia and nitrate was measured weekly

mmended for common carp. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured every other day using an YSI Model 58 oxygen meter. Total ammonia and nitrate was measured weekly using spectronic 601 spectrophotometer. Alkalinity was monitored twice weekly using the titration methods of Golterman et al. (1978). pH was monitored twice weekly using as electronic pH meter . During the feeding trail, the water quality parameter averaged (±SD): water temperature 27.8±0.8; dissolved oxygen 4.8±0.4; pH 7.4±0.6; ammonia 0.01±0.04 mg/L; nitrite 0.01±0.05 mg/L; nitrate 1.5±0.2 mg/L; alkalinity 181±46 gm/L.

٣٦٤ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ : * - Economic evaluation of the experimental diets has been calculated by evaluation the feed cost in Egyptian pounds (L.E) needed to produce 1 kg of alive weight gain of each experimental fish group. Feed cost (L.E) = (feed cost /kg) X (food consumption) Pr ice of one kg in weight (Le) (LE/gain “kg”) = feed cost /kg) x FCR. ﺟﺪول رﻗﻢ ) ٩ ٤ ( Table : The carcass traits of Tilapia Criterion Value range Final body weight (g.) وزن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻰ 98.00 – 115.50 Condition Factor ( 1 ) ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﻮل 1.94 – 2.05 Head percentage (%) ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺮأس اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ 18.83 – 24.23 Viscera percentage (% ) ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻻﺣﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ 6.83 – 8.70 Final percentage (%) ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻘﺸﻮر اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ 3.11 – 4.00 Bons percentage (%) ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ 4.50 - .49 Dressing % (2) ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ 64.34 - 70.52 Flesh % (3) ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺎﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ 58.08 – 6.70 1 - Condition fac tor = wet body weight (g.) / cubic length (cm) x 100. According to Weatherly (1972). Growth and ecology of fish Populations. Acdemic Press, New York, N.Y. 2 - Dressing percentage = Body weight – ( head weight + fins weight + viscera weight ) / Body weight x 10 0. 3 - Flash percentage = Body weight – ( head weight + fins weight + Viscera weight + bone weight ) / Body weight x 100. ) ٤ ( اﻟﻨﻌﺎم : * - The present study was carried out on a total number of 1000 ostrich eggs weighed between 1300 and 1500g. eggs were obtain ed from two local farms during the peak egg production ( from May to July 2003) to study the effect of egg shell physical characteristics and its mineral content on hatchability. Egg Collection: * - Eggs were collected daily as soon as possible after laying from the breader stock, cleaned and disinfectant immediately as described by Deeming (1997). Each eggs was numbered and identified with a permanent marker. Eggs were stored for up to 7 days in a clean storage room at 18°C and 69% relative humidity as reco mmended by Gonzalez et al., (1999). Egg Incubation: * - Eggs were set in metal – farmed egg trays in a vertical position placed in a commercial multistage incubator with a maximum capacity of 500 ostrich eggs. Eggs were artificially incubated at 36.5 °C and 25% RH and were turned 90° every 3 hours (8 times a day) up to 39 days. Eggs were candled at 14, 21 and 39 days of incubation and unfertile eggs were excluded. On day 39, the fertile eggs were transferred to plastic hatcher baskets in the hatcher up to 45 th day. The temperature and humidity profile during hatch were 36 °C and 40% RH. Eggs were candled and checked during hatching period. Eggs were allowed to hatch as possible, although some chicks which had piped were helped by using the method described by Deeming et al., (1993). The following parameters were measured on each egg: Egg Weight: the egg weight at day 1 of incubation (at the time setting) was recorded with an electronic digital balance with accuracy of ± 0.01g.

٤٦٤ Egg Size: The egg maximum lengt h (long axis, L) and width (short axis, W) were measured in cm by using caliber (1 mm accuracy). Egg Fertility: Fertility was calculated by the following formula: (All setting eggs – Infertile eggs) Fertility % = ــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ X 100 All setting eggs Egg hatchability %: Hatchability (%) from fertile eggs were calculated by the following equation : Number of hatched eggs Hatchability % = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ X 100 Number of fertile eggs Percentage of egg weight lo ss during incubation: Percentage of egg weight loss (EWL%) during incubation was determined according to Gonzatez et al., (1999) by the following formula: (Egg weight day1 – Egg weight day 40) EWL % = ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ X 100 Eggs weight day 1 Egg shell parameters: * - At the end of incubation period (45 days) the fertile eggs were classified into two groups; hatched and non - ha tched eggs. The eggs shells of each group were collected, cleaned of adhering shell membrane washed with distilled water to remove all albumin and dried over night at 60 °C then ached. The following parameters were determined: Eggshell percent: * - The eggs hell percent was calculated according to equation of Christensen et al (1996). Egg shell weight Egg shell % = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ X 100 Eggs weight Christensen et al (1996). Christensen, V. L., Davis, G.S., and Lucore, L.A. (1996). Eggshell conductance and other functional qualities of astrihc eggs. Poult. Sci., 75: 1404 - 1410. Egg shell porosity: * - Egg shell p orosity was determined by averaging pore count obtained from discretionary sampling at 5 independent 1cm2 sites on an egg surface. The sites were chosen approximately equidistant along the equator to better visualize and facilitate a more accurate counting of porosity. Each selected site was dyed with a food - gard blue dye, before counting. A clear dichotomy of pore size, small and large, was observed according to Gonzatea et al., (1999). Egg shell thickness: * - Egg shell thickness was obtained by averaging thick measurement made at the same five shell sites used to determined porosity. A slip clutch micrometer was used to make individual thick estimate to the nearest 0.01 mm. Egg shell mineral content: * - The egg shell contents of Ca, Mg, Zn and Mn, were de termined by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Buck Scientific, Model 210 VGP). Shell P was determined using the calorimetric technique of Goldenberg and Fernandez (1966). Post - hatch chisck`s weight: * - Post - hatch chicks were weighed just after co mpletely hatched using an electronic balance accurate to ± 0.01 g. the non - hatched eggs were opened at the 43rd day when candling revealed that the chick was died and weighed after removal of all membranes.

٥٦٤ Deeming, D.C. (1997). Ratite egg incubation. A p ractical Guide. Ratite Conference, Buckingjam shire., UK. Gonzalez, A., Satterlee, D. G., Moharerm F., and Cadd. (1999). Factors affecting astrish egg hatchability. Poult. Sci., 78: 1257 - 1262. Goldenberg, J., and Fernandez, A. (1966). A implified method fo r estimation of inorganic phosphorus in body fluids. Chin. Chem. 12:871 - 876. ) ٥ ( ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان * - Ambiement templerature (Ta) and relative humidity (RH%) were recorded simultaneously while measuring the physiological responses using the method described by hertig (1968). The temperature - Humidity index (THI) was calculated from ta and RH according to Hahn et al. (2003): THI = ((TDB*1.8)+32) - ((0.55*(RH/100)))*(((TDB*1.8)+32 - 58). Where: TDB = Dry bulb temperature in °C . R H= Relative humidity in % . * - The physiological parameters were taken twice daily, at maximum Ta from 12.00 to 14.00 and at minimum Ta at night from 05.00 to 07.00. Rectal temperature (RT, °C) was measured using a clinical thermometer. Skin temperature ( ST, °C), ear temperature (ET, °C) and coat surface temperature (CST, °C) were measured using the Minolta/Land Cyclops Compac 3 portable infrared thermometer. Respiration rate (RR) was measured by counting the flank movements in one minute. Respiratory minu te volume as I/minute (GV) was measured by Dry Gas Meter. Tidal volume was calculated by diving GV/RR. Heat production (HP), measured as fasting metabolic rate, Kcal/BW0.75 Per day, was calculated using the equation of Brouwer (1965). The measurement of ox ygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were made using the open - circuit technique according to Yousef and Dill (1969). Oxygen consumption was calculated from the oxygen dficit in expired air using oxygen analyzer (Servomex 570). The ra te of carbon dioxide production was calculated from the CO2 increased in expired air obtained from infrared GAS Analyzer (Model - AR - 411). hertig (1968). Brouwer, E., (1965). In energy metabolism (ed). K.L. Blaxter, PP. 441 - 443. Proceedings of 3rd symposium of Energy Metabolism. London, Academic Press. Hahn, G. L., T.L. Mader and R.A. Eigenberg, (2003). Perspective on development of thermal indices for animal studies and management. Interactions between climate and animal production. EAAP Technical Series No. 7, 31 - 45. Yousef, M. K. and Dill, (1969). Energy Expenditure in desert walks: man and Burro, Equus asinw. J. Appl. Physiol., 27: 681. * - Temperature humidity index (THI) is commonly used as an indicator of the degree of climatic stress on animals where a THI of 72 and below is considered as no heat stress (cool), 73 - 77 as mild heat stress, 78 - 89 as moderate and above 90 as severe (Fuquay, 1981). * - Rectal temperature (RT, °C) was measured using a clinical thermometer, THI was calculated based on Thorm (1 959) equation. Respiration rate (RR) was measured by counting the flank movements in one minute. Respiratory minute volume (Mv, I/ minute) was measured by Dry Gas Meter. Tidal volume was calculated by dividing GV/RR. Heat