التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة د.اسامه محمد الحسيني

٤٤٤ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﮭﻀﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ : * - Apparent nutrient digestibility was determined on control, pregnant (from 23 to 28 days of gestation) and on lactating (from 16 to 21 day of lactation) rabbit does, rabb it does of each group (six per diet) were allowed at random to the diets. Animals were housed in metabolic cages that allowed separation of faeces and urine. Faeces produced daily were collected in polyethylene bags and stored at - 20°C (Perez et al., 1995) for five consecutive days according to the European reference method for rabbit digestion trials. Perez, J. M.; Lbas, F.; Gidenne, T.; Martens, L.; Xiccato, G.; PerigiBini, R.; Dallo - Zotte, A.; Cossu, M. E.; Carazzolo, A.; Villamide, M. J.; Carabario, R.; Fraga, M. J.; Ramos, M A.; Cervera, C,; Blas, E., Fernandez - Carmona, J.; Falcao, E. Cunha; Cmnha, M. L. and Bengala Freire, J. (1995). European reference method for in vivo determination of diet digestibility in rabbits. World Rabbit Sci., 3: 41 - 43. The t otal digestible nutrients (TDN) TDN= DCP+DCF+DNFE+(DEEx2.25) Where: DCP = Digestible Crude protein, DCF= Digestible crude Fiber, DNFE= Digestible NFE. DEE= Digestible Ether Extract, Cheeke, P. R., N.M. Patton and G.S. Tempelton (1982). Rabbit production . 5 th . * - The digestible energy (DE) = DE (Kcal/Kg)=4253 - 32.6 (CF%) - 144.4 (Total ash%). Fekete and Gippert (1986). Digestibility and nutritive value of nineteen important feedstuffs for rabbits. Journal of Applied Rabbit Research, 9 (3): 103 - 108. * - Nutri ent digestion coefficient and nutritive values in terms of total digestible nutrients (TDN), digestible crude protein (DCP) and digestible energy (DE) were calculated as described by Perez et al., (1995). Perez, J. M.; Lbas, F.; Gidenne, T.; Martens, L.; X iccato, G.; PerigiBini, R.; Dallo - Zotte, A.; Cossu, M. E.; Carazzolo, A.; Villamide, M. J.; Carabario, R.; Fraga, M. J.; Ramos, M A.; Cervera, C,; Blas, E., Fernandez - Carmona, J.; Falcao, E. Cunha; Cmnha, M. L. and Bengala Freire, J. (1995). European refer ence method for in vivo determination of diet digestibility in rabbits. World Rabbit Sci., 3: 41 - 43. * - Caecotroply trial: At the end of the experimental (14 weeks), soft (SF) and hard (HF) feces excretion were determined using nine caecotrophy trials (six rabbits in each trial). Plastic neck collars were used to percent coprophagy. Soft and hard feces were collected according to the methods described by Carabano et al., (1989). The daily feed intake was recorded after deducing the scattered amounts. Caraba no, R.; Fraga, M. J. and De - Blas, J. C. (1989). Effect of protein source in fibrous diets on performance and digestive performance of fattening rabbits. Journal of Applied Rabbit Research, 12: 201 - 204. Soft and hard feaces of each rabbit were collected eve ry day for three days and the samples of daily faeces (20%) of each rabbit were taken for chemical analysis. The daily faeces samples collected were sprayed with 1% boric acid solution to prevent ammonia losses during drying. Feaces samples were dried at 6 0 - 70 °C for 48h. the dried feaces observed

samples collected were sprayed with 1% boric acid solution to prevent ammonia losses during drying. Feaces samples were dried at 6 0 - 70 °C for 48h. the dried feaces observed from each rabbits during the collection period was weighted, mixed, ground and kept until analysis. * - At 56 d of age, as well as at 98 d of age, a digestibility trials were conducted using total collection method in which excreta was quantitatively collected each 12 hr for three successive days. Fecal nitrogen was separated following the method of Jakobsen et al., (1960). Chemical analysis was carried out for diets, soft and hard faces, caecal content meat samples according to methods of AOAC (1995) for ash, DM, CP, CF and EE. Gross energy was determined in an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. Digestibility coefficients and

٥٤٤ nutritive values of nutrients in terms of total digestible nutrient (TDN), digestible crude protei n (DCP) and digestible energy (DE) were calculated as described by Perez et al., (1995). Relative contribution of soft faeces to dry matter and crude protein intake were calculated according to Fraga et al., (1991) as follows: ) ١ ( اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ اﻟﻧﺳﺑﯾﺔ ﻟﻠروث اﻟﻧﺎﻋم اﻟطرى ﻓﻰ ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﺄﻛوﻟﺔ Relative contribution of soft faeces to DM intake ) اﻓراز اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠروث اﻟطرى ﺟم / اﻟﯾوم ( ـــــــــــــــ ـ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــ × ٠٠١ ) اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﺄﻛوﻟﺔ ﺟم / ﯾوم + اﻓراز اﻟ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠروث اﻟطرى ﺟم / اﻟﯾوم ( soft faeces excretion , g DM/day ) ــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ X 100 (feed intake, g DM/day + soft faeces excretion, g DM/da y ) Fraga, M. J.; Perez de Ayala, P.; Carabafio, R. M. and De Blas, J. C. (1991). Effect of type of fiber on the rate of passage and on the contribution of soft faeces to nutrient intake of finishing rabbits. J. Anim. Sci, 69: 1566 - 1574. ) ٢ ( اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ اﻟ ﻧﺳﺑﯾﺔ ﻟﻠروث اﻟطرى ﻓﻰ ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن اﻟﺧﺎم اﻟﻣﺄﻛوﻟﺔ Relative contribution of soft faeces to CP intake ) اﻓراز اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن اﻟﺧﺎم ﻟﻠروث اﻟطرى ﺟم / اﻟﯾوم ( ـــــــــــــــــــــ ـــ ــــــــــــــــ × ٠٠١ ) ﺑروﺗﯾن ﺧﺎم ﻣﺄﻛول ﺟم / ﯾوم + اﻓراز اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن اﻟﺧﺎم ﻟﻠروث اﻟطرى ﺟم / اﻟﯾوم ( ( CP excretion in soft faeces , g / day ) ــــــــــــــــــ ـــ ــــ ـــــ ـــــــــــــــــ 100 X ( CP ingested in feed , g DM / day + CP excretion in soft faeces , g / day ) Frag a, M. J.; Perez de Ayala, P.; Carabafio, R. M. and De Blas, J. C. (1991). Effect of type of fiber on the rate of passage and on the contribution of soft faeces to nutrient intake of finishing rabbits. J. Anim. Sci, 69: 1566 - 1574. ) ٣ ( ﻣﻌدل دورة اﻣﺗﻼء وﺗ ﻔرﯾﻎ اﻷﻋور : Caecal turnover rate ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠروث اﻟطرى ﺟم / اﻟﯾوم ـــــــــ ـــــ ــــــــــــ × ٠٠١ ﻣﺣﺗوى اﻷﻋور ﻣن اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺟرام soft faeces production ( g DM/ d) ــــ ــــــــ ـــــ ــــــــــــ X 100 Caecal content ( g DM ) Garcia, J.; De Blas, J, C.; Carbanor, R. and Ga rcia, P. (1995). Effect of type of luceme on caecal fermentation and nitrogen contribution through caecotrophy in rabbits. Reprod. Nutr. Decelopment, 35:267 - 275.

٦٤٤ Carabans, R, Fraga, M. J., Santoma, G, and DeBlas, J. C. (2011). J. Animal Sci. October, 3. WW W.asas.org. ) ٤ ( دﻟﯾل اﻟﺣرارة – اﻟرطوﺑﺔ : The temperature – humidity index THI = db°F – ( 0.55 – 0.55 R# ) (db°F – 58 ) db°F = Dry Bulb Temperature in Fahrenheit RH = Relative humidity ( RH % / 100 ) The THI value were classified as follow : Iess than 82 = Absence of heat stress. 82 to < 84 = Moderate heat stress . 84 to < 86 = Severe heat stress. Over 86 = very severe stress. Live stock and Poultry Heat Stress Indices Agricultural Engineering Technology Guide Clemson University. Clemson, Sc 29 634 , USA. ) ٥ ( ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﻣو : Growth rate ( GR ) * - Growth rate (GR) = FBW – IBW / 0.5 (FBW + IBW) X 100 وزن اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻰ – وزن اﻟﺟﺳم ﻓﻰ اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﻣو = ـــــ ــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــ ٥.٠ × ) وزن اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﻧﻬﺎ ﺋﻰ + وزن اﻟﺟﺳم ﻓﻰ ﺑداﯾﺔ ( × ٠٠١ ) ٦ ( دﻟﯾل اﻵداء : The performance index ( PI ) * - The performance index (PI) = ( Live body weight (kg) / feed conversion) x 100 North, M.O., (1981). Commercial chicken. Production Annual. 2nd edition; AV, Publishing company I.N.C., West post Connecticut, USA. وزن اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﺣﻰ ) ﻛﺟم ( دﻟﯾل اﻻداء = ـــــ ـــــــــــــــ ــــــــــ × ٠٠١ اﻟﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ ) ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﻐذاﺋﻰ ( ) ٧ ( ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻻﻧﺗﺎج : The production efficiency factor ( PEF ) * - The production efficiency factor (PEF) = ( Livability (%) x mass (kg) / FCR x Age in days ) x 100 وزن اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﺣﻰ اﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻰ ) ﻛﺟم ( ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻻﻧﺗﺎج ] )) ٠٠١ – ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﻔوق %( × ــــ ـ ـ ـــ ـــــــــ × ﻋدد اﻻﯾﺎم ( × ٠٠١ [ ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﻐذاﺋﻰ Emmert, J. (2000). Efficiency of phytase feeding in broiler. Proceeding, Califonia Animal Nutrition conference, May 10 - 11. Fresno, Califor nia, U.S.A. ) ٨ ( اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻧﺷوﯾﺔ – ﻣﻌﺎدل اﻟﻧﺷﺎ : The starch value ( SV ) * - The starch value (SV) was calculated according to Abou – Raya (1969): SV = Digestible CP % x 0.85 + digestible EE% x 2.24 + digestible CF% + digestible NFE %. Abou - Raya, A.K., Raafat, M.A., Hathout, M.K., and Khafagi, E.A. (1969). Methods of evaluating clover hay Trifolium Alexandrinum from different localities, I: The nutritive analysis and feeding value as TDN and SV. Agric. Res. Rev., Cairo, 47(6): 116 - 130. ) ٩ ( اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻣﻬﺿوﻣﺔ : DE * - DE was calculated according to cheeke (1987) DE, Kcal/g = 4.36 – 0.0491 x NDF % NDF % = 28.92 + 0.657 x CF % ) ٠١ ( اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻣﺛﯾل : ME * - ME ( Kcal / Kg DM ) = 239 ( 0.588 + 0.164 X) X = Dry matter digestion coefficient of the diet. Ceeke, P. R. Patton, N.N. and Templeton, G. S. (1987). Rabbit production. The Institute Printers & Publishers, Danville, Illiois, USA. (First edition).

٧٤٤ اﻻﺟﺘﺮار اﻟﻜﺎذب ﻓﻰ اﻻراﻧﺐ : Coprophage ﻛﻠﻣـ ﺔ Coprophage أو Pseudorumination ﻫـﻰ ﯾوﻧﺎﻧﯾــﺔ ﻣـن ﻣﻘطﻌـﯾن ) Kopros اﻟــروث ( و ) Phago اﻛـل ( واﻷرﻧـب ﻟــﻪ ﻗــدرة ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺗــﺷﻛﯾل اﻟﺑــراز ﺑــﺷﻛل ﺧــﺎص واﻟــذى ﯾﺄﺧــذﻩ ﻣﺑﺎﺷــرة ﻣــن اﻟــﺷرج وظــﺎﻫرة Coprophagy ﻟﻬــﺎ دورا ﻫﺎﻣــﺎ ﻓــﻰ اﻟﺟﻬــﺎز ًً اﻟﻬــﺿﻣﻰ وﻫــو ﺳــﻠوك طﺑﯾﻌــﻰ ﻋﻧــد اﻻراﻧــب ﯾﻘــوم ﻓﯾــﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﺗــﺎج ﻛــرات ﺗــ ﺷﺑﻪ اﻟزﺑــل وﻟﻛــن طرﯾــﺔ وﯾﻧﺗﺟﻬــﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﯾــل ﺑﻌــد ﺣــواﻟﻰ ﺳــت ﺳــﺎﻋﺎت ﺑﻌــد آﺧــر وﺟﺑــﻪ ، وﺗﺑﻘــﻰ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﻬــﺎ ﻋــدة ﺳــﺎﻋﺎت ﻗﺑــل ان ﺗﻠــﯾن او ﺗﺗﻔﻛــك ﺗــدرﯾﺟﯾﺎ وﯾﺗﻐــذى ﻋﻠﯾﻬــﺎ وﻫــﻰ ﻣــواد ﻏﻧﯾــﺔ ً ﺑﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻓﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾن B وﺗﻧﺗﺟﻬﺎ اﻟﻣﯾﻛﻠوﻓﻠورا اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻰ اﻻﺣﺷﺎء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ ٠ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻬﺿم ﻓﻰ اﻻراﻧب : Digestive Processes in the Rabbit اﻻراﻧــب ﻣــن اﻟﺣﯾواﻧــﺎت اﻟوﺣﯾــدة اﻟﻣﻌــدة آﻛﻠــﺔ اﻟﻌــﺷب ذات ﻣﻌــدة ﺑــﺳﯾطﺔ واﻣﻌــﺎء ﺧﻠﻔﯾــﺔ ﻣﺗــﺿﺧﻣﺔ ) اﻻﻋــور واﻟﻘوﻟــون ( وﻗــد ﻛــﺎن ﯾظن ان اﻻﻋور ﯾﺷﺑﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻣﻠﻪ ﻛرش اﻟﺣﯾوﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺟﺗرة ، اﻻ ان ﯾظن ﻫذا ﻟﯾس ﺻﺣﯾﺣﺎ ، وان وﺟد ﺑﻌـض اﻟﺗـﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﯾﻧﻬﻣـﺎ ، ً ﻓﻔـﻰ اﻟﻣﺟﺗـرات ﻻ ﺗوﺟـد اﻟﺣﺎﺟـﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﻣـﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾـﺔ اﻻﺳﺎﺳـﯾﺔ ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻐـذاء ﻻن ﺑﻛﺗرﯾـﺎ اﻟﻛـرش ﺗﻘـوم ﺑﺗﺧﻠﯾﻘﻬـﺎ ، اﻣـﺎ ﻓـﻰ اﻻراﻧــب ﻓﺎن اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرى اﻟﻣﺗﻛون ﻓﻰ اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ ﻻ ﯾـﺳﻬم ﻛﺛﯾـرا ﻓـﻰ ﺳـد ﺣﺎﺟـﺔ اﻻراﻧـب ﻣـن اﻟﺑـروﺗﯾن ، وﺑﺎﻟﺗـﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻬـو ﯾﻌﺗﻣـد ً ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟود اﻻﺣﻣﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻐذاء ٠ وﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻻﺑﻘـﺎر ﻫـﺿم اﻻﻏذﯾـﺔ ذات اﻻﻟﯾـﺎف اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾـﺔ ﻻن ﺑﻛﺗرﯾـﺎ اﻟﻛـرش ﺗﻔـرز اﻧـزﯾم اﻟـﺳﻠﯾوﻟﯾز اﻟـذى ﯾﻛـﺳر اﻟـﺳﻠﯾﻠوز ﺑﯾﻧﻣـﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻬﺿم اﻻراﻧب اﻻﻟﯾﺎف ﺑﻛﻔﺎءة ، وﻓﻰ اﻟواﻗﻊ ﻓﺎن ﻫﺿم اﻻﻟﯾﺎف ﻓﻰ اﻻراﻧب اﻗل ﻣن ﻣﻌظم اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻷﺧرى وﺣﯾدة اﻟﻣﻌـدة ، ﻣﺛــل اﻟﻔﺋــران ، وﺗﺗــﺷﺎﺑﻪ اﻻرا ﻧــب واﻟﻣﺟﺗــرات ﻓــﻰ ﺧﺎﺻــﯾﺔ واﺣــدة ﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘــﻪ ﺑﺑﻛﺗرﯾــﺎ اﻻﻣﻌــﺎء ، ﻓﺎﻟﺑﻛﺗرﯾــﺎ اﻟﻣوﺟــودة ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻛــرش وﺗﻠــك اﻟﻣوﺟــودة ﻓــﻰ اﻻﻣﻌــﺎء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾــﺔ ﻟﻼراﻧــب ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻬــﺎ ﺗﻛــون ﻛﻣﯾــﺎت ﻣﻧﺎﺳــﺑﺔ ﻣــن ﻓﯾﺗــﺎﻣﯾن B ، ﻛﻣــﺎ ان ﻛــﻼ ﻣــن اﻟﺣﯾواﻧــﺎت اﻟﻣﺟﺗــرة ً واﻻراﻧب ﺗﺣﺗﺎج ﻓﻰ ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻓﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾﻧﺎت A , D , K اﻣ ﺎ ﻏﯾرﻫﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻔﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾﻧﺎت ﻓﺗﻛوﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﺑﻛﺗرﯾﺎ ﺑﻛﻣﯾﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﯾﺔ ٠ ﺑﻌد ﺗﻧـﺎول اﻻراﻧـب ﻟﻐـذاﺋﻬﺎ واﺟـراء ﻋﻣﻠﯾـﺎت اﻟﻣـﺿﻎ واﻟﺗرطﯾـب ﺑﺧﻠطـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻌـﺎب ﺗـﺗم ﻋﻠﯾﻣـﺔ ﺑﻠـﻊ اﻟﻐـذاء ﺣﯾـث ﯾـﺻل اﻟـﻰ اﻟﻣﻌـدة ذات اﻟوﺳــط اﻟﺣﺎﻣــﺿﻰ ﺑﻔﻌــل ﺣــﺎﻣض اﻻﯾــدروﻛﻠورﯾك اﻟﻣﻔــرز ﻣــن اﻟﻐــدد اﻟﻣﻌدﯾــﺔ ، ﺗﺑــدأ ﻋﻣﻠﯾــﺔ ﻫــﺿم ﻫــذا اﻟﻐــذا ء ﺑﻔﻌــل ﺗــﺄﺛﯾر اﻟﻌــﺻﺎرة اﻟﻣﻌدﯾــﺔ واﻟﺗــﻰ ﺗﻔــرز ﻣــن ﻏــدد ﺧﺎﺻــﺔ ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻣﻌــدة ﺑﻌــد ﻓﺗــرة ﻣــن وﺟــود اﻟﻐــذاء ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻣﻌــدة ﺗﺑــدأ ﻋــﺿﻼت اﻟﻣﻌــدة ﻓــﻰ اﻻﻧﻘﺑﺎض ﻟﺗدﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻐذاء اﻟﻧﺻف ﻣﻬﺿوم اﻟﻰ اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ ﺣﯾث ﯾﻔرز ﻋﻠﯾـﻪ اﻟﻌـﺻﯾر اﻟﻣﻌـوى واﻟﻌـﺻﯾر اﻟﺑﻧﻛرﯾﺎﺳـﻰ وﻛـذﻟك اﻟــﺻﻔراء ﻣــن اﻟﺣوﺻــﻠﺔ اﻟــﺻﻔراوﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺑــد ﻓﺗــﺗم ﻋﻣﻠﯾــﺔ اﻟﻬــﺿم اﻻﻧزﯾﻣــﻰ ﻟﻠﻐــذاء وﺑﻌــدﻫﺎ ﺗﺣــدث ﻋﻣﻠﯾــﺎت اﻻﻣﺗــﺻﺎص ﻟﻠﻐــذاء اﻟﻣﻬــﺿوم ﻣــن اﻻﻣﻌــﺎء اﻟــﻰ ﺗﯾــﺎر اﻟــدم وﺑــذﻟك ﯾــﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﯾــوان اﺳــﺗﺧدام ﻫــذﻩ اﻟﻣرﻛﺑــﺎت اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾــﺔ اﻟﻣﻣﺗــﺻﺔ ﻓــﻰ ﺗﻐطﯾــﺔ ﻛﺎﻓــﺔ اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﻠﻘﯾﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻔﺳﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ وﺗﺣﺗﺎج اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻰ اﻟﺳواﺋل ﻟﺣﺳن ﺳـﯾر ﻋﻣﻠﯾـﺎت اﻟﻬـﺿم واﻻﻣﺗـﺻﺎص ﻓﯾﻬـﺎ وﻫذا ﯾوﺿﺢ اﻫﻣﯾﺔ ﺗوﻓﯾر ﻣﯾﺎﻩ اﻟﺷرب ﻟﻸراﻧب ﺑﺻورة داﺋﻣﺔ وﺑﻌد اﺗﻣﺎم ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت ﻫﺿم واﻣﺗﺻﺎص اﻟﻐذاء ﺧﻼل ﺟدر اﻻﻣﻌﺎء ﺗﺑــدأ ﻋــﺿﻼت اﻻﻣﻌــﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘــﺔ ﻓــﻰ اﻻﻧﻘﺑــﺎض ﻟــدﻓﻊ ﻣﺧﻠﻔــﺎت اﻟﻐــذاء ﻏﯾــر اﻟﻣﻬــﺿوم اﻟــﻰ اﻻﻣﻌــﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﯾظــﺔ ) ﺷــﻛل ٤١ ( ﺣﯾــث ﯾﺻل اﻟﻰ

م واﻣﺗﺻﺎص اﻟﻐذاء ﺧﻼل ﺟدر اﻻﻣﻌﺎء ﺗﺑــدأ ﻋــﺿﻼت اﻻﻣﻌــﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘــﺔ ﻓــﻰ اﻻﻧﻘﺑــﺎض ﻟــدﻓﻊ ﻣﺧﻠﻔــﺎت اﻟﻐــذاء ﻏﯾــر اﻟﻣﻬــﺿوم اﻟــﻰ اﻻﻣﻌــﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﯾظــﺔ ) ﺷــﻛل ٤١ ( ﺣﯾــث ﯾﺻل اﻟﻰ أول اﺟزاء اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﯾظﺔ وﻫو اﻷﻋور او ﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﻣﻰ اﻟﻣﺻران اﻟﻐﻠﯾظ وﻫو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن اﻧﺑوﺑـﺔ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻓﺗﺣـﺔ واﺣـدة ﺗﻔـﺗﺢ ﻓــﻰ اﻻﻣﻌــﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﯾظــﺔ ﻣﺗــﺳﻌﺔ اﺗــﺳﺎع ﻛﺑﯾــر ﺣﯾــث اﻧﻬــﺎ ﺗــﺷﻐل ﺣــواﻟﻰ ٥٣ % ﻣــن ﺣﺟــم اﻟﻘﻧــﺎة اﻟﻬــﺿﻣﯾﺔ وﯾﺣــدث ﻓــﻰ ﻫــذا اﻟﺟــزء ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻬﺿم اﻟﻣﯾﻛروﺑﻰ ﻟﻣﺧﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻐذاء ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﻬـﺿوم ﻓﯾ ﻧـﺗﺞ ﻋـن ذﻟـك ﺑﻌـض اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻـر اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾـﺔ اﻟﻣﻔﯾـدة ﻣﺛـل اﻟﻔﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾﻧـﺎت وﺑﻌــض اﻻﺣﻣــﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾــﺔ اﻟطﯾــﺎرة واﻻﺣﻣــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾــﺔ ﺛــم ﺗﺗﺣــرك ﻫــذﻩ اﻟﻣرﻛﺑــﺎت ﺑﻔﻌــل اﻻﻧﻘﺑﺎﺿــﺎت اﻟﻌــﺿﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻋــور اﻟــﻰ اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﯾظﺔ واﻟﺗﻰ ﯾوﺟد ﺑﻬﺎ ﻧوﻋﯾن ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﯾن ﻣن اﻟﻧﺷﺎط ﻫﻣﺎ اﻧﺗﺎج اﻟزﺑل اﻟﻠﯾن أو اﻟرطب واﻧﺗﺎج اﻟز ﺑل اﻟـﺻﻠب ﺣﯾـث ﻧﺟـد ﻓﻰ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺻﺑﺎح اﻟﻣﺑﻛر ﺗﻘوم اﻻراﻧـب ﺑـﺎﺧراج ﻛﺗـل ﻣـن اﻟـروث اﻟﻠـﯾن اﻟﺗـﻰ ﺗﻘـوم اﻻراﻧـب ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻘﺎطﻬـﺎ ﻋـن طرﯾـق اﻟﻔـم ﻣﺑﺎﺷـرة وﻗﺑل ﺳﻘوطﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ ارﺿﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﻔص ﺣﯾث اﻧﻪ ﻻ ﯾﺗﻧﺎوﻟﻬﺎ ﻣطﻠﻘﺎ اذا ﺳﻘطت ﻋﻠﻰ ارﺿﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﻔص وﯾﺗم اﺧراﺟﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻛل ﺗﺟﻣﻌﺎت ً ﻋﻧﻘودﯾــﺔ ﻣﺣﺎطــﺔ ﺑﻐــﺷﺎء ﺟﯾﻼ ﺗﯾﻧــﻰ وﻛﺛﯾــرا ﻣــﺎ ﯾوﺟــد ﻣﻠﺗــﺻﻘﺎ ﻓــﻰ اﻟﺟــزء اﻻﻣــﺎﻣﻰ ﻟﻠﻣﻌــدة ﻓــﻰ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧــﺎت اﻟﺗــﻰ ﯾﺟــرى ﺗــﺷرﯾﺣﻬﺎ ، ًً وﺑﻌد اﻟﺗﻘﺎطﻬﺎ ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺎﺑﺗﻼﻋﻬﺎ ﺑدون ﻣﺿﻎ او ﺧﻠط ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻌﺎب ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺻل اﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﻌـدة ﻓﺗﺧـﺗﻠط ﻣـﻊ اﻻﻏذﯾـﺔ اﻻﺧـرى اﻟﻣوﺟـودة ﻓـﻰ اﻟﻣﻌدة وﺗﺣدث ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻬـﺿم واﻻﻣﺗـﺻﺎص وﯾطﻠـق ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـذﻩ اﻟظـﺎ ﻫرة ﻓـﻰ اﻻراﻧـب اﺳـم اﻻﺟﺗـرار اﻟﻛـﺎذب ، ورﻏـم ان ﻫــذا اﻟــروث اﻟﻠــﯾن ﻻ ﯾــﺳﺎﻫم اﻻ ﺑﺣــواﻟﻰ ٥ - ٨ % ﻣــن اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟــﺎت اﻻراﻧــب اﻻ ان ﻟــﻪ اﻫﻣﯾــﺔ ﻛﺑﯾــرة ﻓــﻰ ﺗــوﻓﯾر اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟــﺎت ﻣــن اﻟﻔﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾﻧـــﺎت وﻓـــﻰ اﺛﻧـــﺎء ﻓﺗـــرة ﻣـــﺎ ﺑﻌـــد اﻟظﻬﯾـــرة ﻓـــﺎن اﻟﻣﺧﻠﻔـــﺎت اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾـــﺔ ﺗﻣـــر اﻟـــﻰ اﻻﻣﻌـــﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﯾظـــﺔ ﺣﯾـــث ﯾﺣـــدث ﻟﻬـــﺎ ﺑﻌـــض اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص ﻟﻠﻣﺎء ﻣـﻊ ﺑﻌـض اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻـر اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾـﺔ ﻣﻣـﺎ ﯾـؤدى اﻟـﻰ ﺟﻔـﺎف ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﻣﺧﻠﻔـﺎت واﻟﺗـﻰ ﺗـﺷﻛل اﻟزﺑـل اﻟـﺻﻠب اﻟـذى ﯾﻣـر ﻣــن ﺧــﻼل ﻓﺗﺣــﺔ اﻟــﺷرج اﻟــﻰ ﺧــﺎرج اﻟﺟــﺳم واﻟــذى ﯾﻣﺛــل ﻣﺧﻠﻔــﺎت ﻋﻣﻠﯾــﺔ ﻫــﺿم واﻣﺗــﺻﺎص اﻟﻐــذاء اﻟﺗــﻰ ﻧﺟــدﻫﺎ ﻋﻠــﻰ ارﺿــﯾﺔ اﻗﻔﺎص اﻻراﻧب ٠ وﻧﻼﺣظ ان اﻻراﻧب ﻻ ﺗﺟرى ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﺟﺗـرار اﻟﻛـﺎذب اﻻ اﺛﻧـﺎء اﻟـﺻﺑﺎح اﻟﺑـﺎﻛر ﺣﯾـث اﻟﻬـدوء اﻟﺗـﺎم ﻻن اى ازﻋﺎج ﻟﻼراﻧب ﯾؤدى اﻟﻰ اﺿطراب ﻋﻠﻣﯾﺎت اﻟﻬﺿم ﻟﻬذا ﯾﺟـب ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻣرﺑـﻰ ﻣﻧـﻊ اﻟزﯾـﺎرات اﻟـﻰ ﻋﻧـﺎﺑر اﻻراﻧـب ﺑﻘـدر اﻻﻣﻛـﺎن وﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﻧﻊ دﺧول اﻟﻛﻼب واﻟﻘطط واﻟدﺟﺎج اﻟﻰ ﻋﻧﺎﺑر اﻻراﻧب ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺿوﺿﺎء ً ٠ اﻻراﻧــب ﻣــن اﻟﺣﯾواﻧــﺎت ا ﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎرﯾــﺔ ﻟﻐــذاﺋﻬﺎ ﺣﯾــث ﻧﺟــد اﻧﻬــﺎ ﺗﺧﺗــﺎر اﻻوراق دون اﻟــﺳﯾﻘﺎن ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻧﺑــﺎت وﻛﻣــﺎ اﻧﻬــﺎ ﺗﺧﺗــﺎر اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗــﺎت اﻟﻐﺿﺔ ﻋن اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة اﻟﻌﻣر وﺗﻣﯾل اﻟﻰ ﺗﻧﺎول اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺧﺿراء ﻋن اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ وﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻫذا اﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺧﺗﺎر اﻟﻌﻼﺋق اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾـﺔ ﻓـﻰ ﻣﺣﺗواﻫﺎ ﻣن اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻣﻬﺿوﻣﺔ ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ اﻻﻟﯾﺎ ف ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟـﻰ ان اﻻرﻧـب ﯾزﻫـد اﻟﻐـذاء وﯾﻌﺎﻓـﻪ ﺑـﺳرﻋﺔ اذا ﺣـدث ﺗﻠـوث ﻟﻠﻐذاء او ﺗﻐﯾر ﺗرﻛﯾﺑﻪ ٠ ١ - ﻻﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻻرﻧب اﺗﻣﺎم ﻋﻣﻠﯾـﺔ اﻻﺟﺗـرار اﻟﻛـﺎذب اﻻ ﺑﻌـد ﺑﻠوﻏـﺔ ﻋﻣـر ٠٢ ﯾـوم ٠ ﺗﻛـون اﻣﻌـﺎء اﻻراﻧـب ﺧﺎﻟﯾـﺔ ﺗﻣﺎﻣـﺎ ً ﻣن اى ﻣﯾﻛروﻓﻠـورا ﻗﺑـل ﻋﻣـر ٥١ ﯾـوم وذﻟـك ﻟوﺟـود ﻣـواد ﻣطﻬـرة ﻓـﻰ ﻟـﺑن اﻻم اﻟـﻰ ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﻔﺗـرة ﺛـم ﺗزﯾـد اﻟﻣﯾﻛروﻓﻠـورا ﺣﺗــﻰ ﻋﻣــر ٥٢ ﯾــوم ﺛــم ﺗﻘــل ﺣﺗــﻰ ﻋﻣــر ٥٣ ﯾــوم ﺛــم ﺗﻌــود ﻟﺗزﯾــد ﻣــرة اﺧــرى ٠ ) دور اﻟﻣﯾﻛروﻓﻠــورا ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻬــﺿم ﻋﻧــد

٨٤٤ اﻻرﻧب ﺗﻛﻣﯾﻠﻰ وﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ آﺧر ﻧﺻف اﻟﻬـﺿم ﯾﻌﺗﻣـد ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻣﯾﻛروﻓﻠـورا ( ، ﺣﯾـث وﺟـود ظـﺎﻫرة اﻻﺟﺗـرار اﻟﻛـﺎذب ﻓـﻰ اﻻراﻧب ﺗوﻓر ﺟزء ﻣن اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣن اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن واﻟﻔﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾﻧﺎت ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﻠل ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ ٠ ٢ - ﺗﺗﻣﯾز اﻻراﻧب ﺑظﺎﻫرة اﻋﺎدة اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻻﺧراج ) اﻻﺟﺗرار اﻟﻛﺎذب ( ﺣﯾث ﯾﻛون ﻟﻸرﻧـب ﻧوﻋـﺎن ﻣـن اﻟﻣﺧﻠﻔـﺎت اﺣدﻫﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﺎدى اﻟذى ﯾﺷﺎﻫد ﺗﺣت اﻻﻗﻔـﺎص ) روث ﺻـﻠب ( واﻵﺧـر ﻋﺑـﺎرة ﻋـن ﻛرﯾـﺎت ﺻـﻐﯾرة ﻧﺎﻋﻣـﺔ ﺗﻘـوم اﻻراﻧـب ﺑﺗﻧﺎوﻟﻬــﺎ ﻣــن اﻟﻣﺧــرج ﻣﺑﺎﺷــرة ﺑﻔﻣﻬــﺎ وﺗﺑﻠﻌﻬــﺎ ﺑــدون ﻣــﺿﻎ ﺣﯾــث ﯾﻌــﺎد ﻫــﺿﻣﻪ ﻣــرة اﺧــرى وﻫــﻰ ظــﺎﻫرة طﺑﯾﻌﯾــﺔ ﻓــﻰ اﻻراﻧــب ، وﺗﺗﻣﯾــز ﻫــذﻩ اﻟﻛرﯾــﺎت ﺑﺗرﻛﯾــز ﻋــﺎﻟﻰ ﻣــن اﻟﺑــروﺗﯾن اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾــرى واﻟﻔﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾﻧــﺎت واﻧﺧﻔــﺎض ﻣﺣﺗواﻫــﺎ ﻣــن اﻻﻟﯾــﺎف وارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺣﺗواﻫﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻣﺎء ، وﻫذﻩ اﻟﻛرﯾﺎت طرﯾﺔ وﻟﯾﻧﻪ وﯾﺗم اﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﻛرﯾﺎت ﻟ ﯾﻼ او ﺧـﻼل ﻓﺗـرات اﻟراﺣـﺔ ، وﻛﺛﯾـرا ﻣـﺎ ًً ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﻣﺗﻌﻠق ﺑﺎﻟﻠﯾل nocturnal ٠ ﻛﺗل روث ﻟﯾﻧﻪ ﻛﺗل روث ﻟﯾﻧﻪ ﻣﺿﻎ وﺗرطﯾب اﻟﻐذاء ﻓﻰ اﻟﻔم ﻣزج وﻫﺿم اﻟﻐذاء ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﻌدة اﻟﺻﻔراء اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺻﯾر اﻟﻣﻌوى اﻟﻌﺻﯾر اﻟﺑﻧﻛرﯾﺎﺳﻰ ﺗﯾﺎر دم اﻣﻌﺎء ﻏﻠﯾظﺔ ﺗﺧﻣر : - اﻧﺗﺎج ﻋﻧﺎﺻر ﻏذاﺋﯾﺔ ﺟدﯾدة ﻣﯾﻛروﺑﺎت + ﺗﯾﺎر اﻟدم اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﯾظﺔ طﺣن ﻛﺗل اﻟروث اﻟﻠﯾن ﻛﺗل اﻟروث اﻟﻠﯾﻧﻪ اﻋﺎدة اﻟﻬﺿم ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ﻣن اﻟﺣﯾوان ﻓﻰ ﻛﺗل اﻟزﺑل اﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ  اﻟﻌﻣل  اﻟﻧﻣو  اﻻﻧﺗﺎج ﻛﺗل اﻟزﺑل اﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﺷﻛل رﻗم ) ٧ ١ ( اﻟﻣراﺣل اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻬﺿم واﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص ﻓﻰ اﻻراﻧب اﻟﻐﺬاء واﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﺋﯿﺔ + ﻣﺎء وأﻣﻼح ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯿﺔ

٩٤٤ ﺷﻛل رﻗم ) ٧ ٢ ( ﻋﻣل اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﯾظﺔ واﻧﺗﺎج اﻟروث اﻟﻠﯾن ) اﻟرطب ( ﺷﻛل رﻗم ) ٧ ٣ ( رﺳم ﺗوﺿﯾﺣﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻧﺎﻩ اﻟﻬﺿﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻻراﻧب اﻟﻬﺿم وﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﻬﺿم : Digestion and Digestibility اﻟﻬـــﺿم ﻋﺑـــﺎرة ﻋـــن اﻋـــداد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑـــﺎت اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾـــﺔ ﻓـــﻰ اﻟﻐـــذاء ﻟﻼﻣﺗـــﺻﺎص ، واﻻﻣﺗـــﺻﺎص ﻋﻣﻠﯾـــﺔ ﻧﻘـــل ﻧـــواﺗﺞ اﻟﻬـــﺿم ﻣـــن اﻟﻘﻧـــﺎة اﻟﻬﺿﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟـدم ، وﻓـﻰ اﺛﻧـﺎء اﻟﻬـﺿم ﺗﺗﻔﺗـت اﻟﺟزﯾﺋـﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾـرة ﻛـﺎﻟﺑروﺗﯾن واﻟﻧـﺷﺎ ﺑواﺳـطﺔ اﻻﻧزﯾﻣـﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺿـﻣﺔ اﻟـﻰ اﻟوﺣـدات اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻰ ﺻﻧﻌت ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ) اﻻﺣﻣﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺑروﺗﯾن وﺳﻛر اﻟﺟﻠوﻛوز ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﺷﺎ ( ٠ وﻓــﻰ اﻻراﻧــب ﺗﺣــدث ﻣﻌظــم ﻋﻣﻠﯾــﺎت اﻟﻬــﺿم ﻓــﻰ اﻻﻣﻌــﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘــﺔ ، وﺗــﺗم ﺑواﺳــطﺔ اﻧزﯾﻣــﺎت اﻟﻬــﺿم اﻟﺗــﻰ ﯾــﺗم اﻓر ازﻫــﺎ ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻘﻧــﺎة اﻟﻬــﺿﻣﯾﺔ ، وﯾﻘــوم ﺑــﺎﻓراز ﻫــذﻩ اﻻﻧزﯾﻣــﺎت اﻟﺑﻧﻛرﯾــﺎس وﺗﻣــر ﺧــﻼل اﻟﻘﻧــﺎة اﻟﺑﻧﻛرﯾﺎﺳــﯾﺔ اﻟــﻰ اﻻﻣﻌــﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘــﺔ ، ﻛﻣــﺎ ﺗوﺟــد ﺑﻌــض اﻟﺗﺧﻣــرات ﻓــﻰ اﻻﻋــور واﻟﻘوﻟــون ) اﻟﻬــﺿم اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾــرى ( ﻋﻠﻣــﺎ ﺑــﺄن ﻫــذﻩ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾــﺔ اﻻﺧﯾــرة ﻟﯾــﺳت ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺟﺎﻧــب ﻣــن اﻻﻫﻣﯾــﺔ ﻛﻣــﺎ ﻛــﺎن ً اﻻﻋﺗﻘﺎد ﺳﺎﺋدا ً ٠ اﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﻬﺿم ﻓﻬو اﺳﻠوب ﻓﻧﻰ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻘﯾﺎس ﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﯾوان ان ﯾﻬﺿﻣﻪ ﻣن ﻏـذاء ﻣﻌـﯾن ، وﻟﺗﻘـدﯾر ﻣﻌﺎﻣـل اﻟﻬـﺿم ﻓﻼﺑد ﻣن ﺗﻘدﯾر اﻟﻐذاء اﻟﻣﺄﻛول وﻗﯾﺎس اﻟﺧـرج ﻣـن اﻟـروث ، وﺑـذﻟك ﯾﻛـون اﻟﻔـرق ﺑﯾﻧﻬﻣـﺎ ﻫـو اﻟﻛﻣﯾـﺔ اﻟﻣﻬـﺿوﻣﺔ واﻟﻣﻣﺗـﺻﺔ ﻣـن اﻟﻐـذاء ، ﺗوﺿــﻊ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧــﺎت ﻓــﻰ ﺻــﻧﺎدﯾق اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾــل اﻟﻐـذا ﺋﻰ وﻫــﻰ ﻣــﺻﻣﻣﺔ ﺑﺣﯾــث ﯾﻣﻛــن ﻓــﺻل اﻟﺑـول ﻋــن اﻟــروث ﻣــﻊ ﺟﻣــﻊ ﻛــل ﻣﻧﻬﻣﺎ ، وﺗﻘدﯾر ﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﻬﺿم ﻟﻠﻐـذاء ﻣﻬـم ﺟـدا ﻻﻧـﻪ ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧـﺎ ﻣـن ﺣـﺳﺎب اﻟﻘﯾﻣـﺔ اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾـﺔ ﻟﻬـذﻩ اﻻﻏذﯾـﺔ ، ﻓـﺎذا اﺣﺗـوى ﻏـذاء ﻣـﺎ ً

٠٥٤ ﻋﻠﻰ ٠٨ ﺟم ﺑروﺗﯾن ﻣﻌﺎﻣـل ﻫـﺿﻣﻪ ٠٣ % ﻓـﺎن ﻫـذا اﻟﻐـذاء ﯾﻌـﺎدل ٤٢ % ﻓﻘـط ﻣـن اﻟﺑـروﺗﯾن اﻟﻣﻬـﺿوم ، ٠٧ % ﻣﻣـﺎ ﯾﺣﺗوﯾـﻪ ﻣن ﺑروﺗﯾن ﯾﺧرج ﻓﻰ اﻟروث ٠ ﻫﺿم اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن : Protein Digestion ﯾـﺗم ﻫـﺿم اﻟﺑــروﺗﯾن اﺳﺎﺳـﺎ ﻓـﻰ اﻻﻣﻌــﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘـﺔ ﺑواﺳـطﺔ اﻧزﯾﻣــﺎت ﯾﻔرزﻫـﺎ اﻟﺑﻧﻛرﯾـﺎس وﯾﻌﺗﺑــر اﻟﺗرﺑـﺳﯾن واﻟﻛﯾﻣوﺗرﺑـﺳﯾن اﻻﻧــزﯾﻣﯾن ً اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﯾن ﻓﻰ ﻫﺿم اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن ، وﺗﺗم ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻬﺿم ﺑﺗﻛﺳﯾر اﻟرواﺑط اﻟﺑﺑﺗﯾدﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗ رﺑط اﻻﺣﻣﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن ، ً وﺑﺎﻟﺗــﺎﻟﻰ ﯾﺗﺣﻠــل اﻟﺑــروﺗﯾن اﻟﻐــذاﺋﻰ اﻟــﻰ وﺣــدات ﻣــن اﻻﺣﻣــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾــﺔ اﻟﺗــﻰ ﯾﺗﻛــون ﻣﻧﻬــﺎ ، وﻫــذﻩ ﺑــدورﻫﺎ ﯾــﺗم اﻣﺗــﺻﺎﺻﻬﺎ ، واﻟﺑروﺗﯾن اﻟذى ﻻﯾﺗم ﻫﺿﻣﻪ ﺑﻬذﻩ اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﯾﻧﺗﻘل اﻟﻰ اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ ، ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗﻌرض ﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻻﻧزﯾﻣﺎت اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺔ ٠ وﺗﻘـــو م اﻟﺑﻛﺗرﯾـــﺎ ﻓـــﻰ اﻻﻣﻌـــﺎء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾـــﺔ ﺑﺗﺧﻠﯾـــق اﺣﻣـــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾـــﺔ ﺗـــدﺧل ﻓـــﻰ ﻣﻛوﻧﺎﺗﻬـــﺎ اﻟﺑـــروﺗﯾن اﻟﺧـــﺎص ﺑﻬـــﺎ ، وﻫـــذا اﻟﺑـــروﺗﯾن اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرى ﯾﻛون ﻓﻰ ﻣﺗﻧﺎول اﻻراﻧب ﺣﯾث ﺗﻠﺗﻬم اﻟروث اﻟطرى اﻟذى ﺗﻔرزﻩ ﻟﯾﻼ ، وﻣﻊ ذﻟك ﻓﻘد دﻟت اﻻﺑﺣﺎث اﻟﺗﻰ اﺟرﯾت ﻋﻠﻰ ً ﻋﻣﻠﯾــﺔ اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾــل اﻟﻐــذاﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﻧﯾﺗــروﺟﯾن واﻟﺑــروﺗ ﯾن ﻓــﻰ اﻻراﻧــب ان اﻟﺑــروﺗﯾن اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾــرى اﻟــذى ﺗﺗﻧﺎوﻟــﻪ اﻻراﻧــب ﻣــن ﺧــﻼل روﺛﻬــﺎ ﻻ ﯾـــﺳﺎﻫم اﻻ ﺑﻘـــدر ﺑـــﺳﯾط ﻓـــﻰ ﺗﻐطﯾـــﺔ اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬـــﺎ ﻣـــن ﺑـــروﺗﯾن واﺣﻣـــﺎض اﻣﯾﻧﯾـــﺔ ، وﯾﻌﺗﻣـــد اﻻراﻧـــب ﻓـــﻰ ﺗﻐطﯾـــﺔ اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﯾﺎﺗـــﻪ ﻣـــن اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن واﻻﺣﻣﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻐذاء ٠ وﻓﻰ اﻻﺑﻘﺎر وﺑﺎﻗﻰ اﻟﻣﺟﺗر ات ﻓﺎن اﻟﺑﻛﺗرﯾﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻛرش ﺗﻘوم ﺑﺗﺧﻠﯾق اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن ﻣن ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﻧﺗروﺟﯾن ﻣﺛل اﻟﯾورﯾﺎ ، وﯾطﻠق ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻣﺻﺎدر ﺑﺎﻟﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾن ﻏﯾر اﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧﻰ ، وﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ذﻟك ﻓﺎن ﺑﻛﺗرﯾﺎ اﻟﻛرش ﺗﺣول اﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧﺎت ﻣﻧﺧﻔـﺿﺔ اﻟﻘﯾﻣـﺔ واﻟﻔﻘﯾـرة ﻓﻰ اﻻﺣﻣﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺑروﺗﯾن ﺑﻛﺗﯾرى ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ا ﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ، وﯾﻌﺗﺑر ذﻟك ﻣن اﻟﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﯾزة ﻛﺑﯾـرة وذﻟـك ﻻن اﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧﺎت ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ، وﻛذﻟك ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾن ﻏﯾر اﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧﻰ ﺗﻛون ارﺧص ﺳﻌرا ﻣن اﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ً ٠ وﻧظــرا ﻻﺣﺗــواء اﻻراﻧــب ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻋــدد ﻣــن اﻟﺑﻛﺗرﯾــﺎ ﻓــﻰ اﻻﻋــور واﻟﻘوﻟــون ﻓﻣــن اﻟﻣﻔﯾــد ﻣﻌرﻓــﺔ ﻣــﺎ اذا ً ﻛــﺎن ﻟﻸراﻧــب اﻟﻣﻘــدرﻩ ﻋﻠــﻰ اﺳـﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧــﺎت ﻣﻧﺧﻔــﺿﺔ اﻟﺑــروﺗﯾن ﺑﻛﻔــﺎءة ، وﻛــذﻟك ﻣــدى ﻛﻔﺎءﺗــﻪ ﻓــﻰ اﺳــﺗﺧدام ﻣــﺻﺎدر اﻟﻧﯾﺗــروﺟﯾن ﻏﯾــر اﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧــﻰ ﻣﺛــل اﻟﯾورﯾﺎ ، وﻗد اظﻬرت ﻋدة دراﺳﺎت ﻋدم اﻣﻛﺎن اﺗﺑـﺎع ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﺗﻐذﯾـﺔ ، ﺣﯾـث ان اﻟﯾورﯾـﺎ ﻟـﯾس ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻗﯾﻣـﺔ ﻟﻸراﻧـب ﻛﻣـﺻدر ﻟﺗﺧﻠﯾـق اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن ٠ وﻋﻧــد اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧــﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﯾواﻧــﺎت وﺣﯾــدة اﻟﻣﻌــدة اﻻﺧــرى ﻧﺟــد ان اﻻراﻧــب ﺗﻬــﺿم اﻟﺑــروﺗﯾن اﻟﻣوﺟــودة ﻓــﻰ اﻟﺣــﺷﺎﺋش ﺑﻛﻔــﺎءة ﻋﺎﻟﯾــﺔ ، ﻓﺎﻟﺧﻧزﯾر اﻟذى ﯾﺗﻐذى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑرﺳﯾم اﻟﺣﺟـﺎزى ﯾﻬـﺿم اﻗـل ﻣـن ٠٥ % ﻣـن اﻟﺑـروﺗﯾن ، وﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﻛـس اﻻراﻧـب اﻟﺗـﻰ ﺗﻬـﺿم ٥٧ - ٠٨ % ﻣن ﺑروﺗﯾن اﻟﺑرﺳﯾم ، وﺑﺎﻟرﻏم ﻣن اﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻬـﺿم اﻻﻟﯾـﺎف اﻗـل ﻛﻔـﺎءة ﻣـن اﻟﺧﻧـﺎزﯾر ، وﻗـد ﯾﻛـون ﺳـﺑب ذﻟـك ﺗﻧـﺎول اﻻراﻧـب ﻟﻠــروث اﻟرطــب ﺑﺎﻻﺿــﺎﻓﺔ اﻟــﻰ ان اﻟﻬــﺿم واﻻﻣﺗــﺻﺎص ﯾــﺗم ﺑﻛﻔــﺎءة اﻛﺑــر ، وﻫــذا ﻣــن اﻫــم اﻻﺳــﺑﺎب اﻟﺗــﻰ ﺗﻔــﺳر ﺳــﺑب ﺗﻘــدﯾم اﻟﺑرﺳﯾم اﻟﺣﺟﺎزى ﺑﻛﻣﯾﺎت ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻟﻼراﻧب ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻏﯾرة ﻣن اﻋﻼف اﻟﻣراﻋﻰ ﺣﯾث ﯾﻛون اﻟﻣﺻدر اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻰ ﻟﻠ ﺑروﺗﯾن ٠ وﻓــﻰ اﻟﻣــﺳﺗﻘﺑل وﻣــﻊ ﺗﻧــﺎﻗص اﻟﻣﺗــﺎح ﻣــن اﻟﺣﺑــوب ﻟﺗﻐذﯾــﺔ اﻟﺣﯾــوان وﻣــﻊ زﯾــﺎدة اﻻﻋﺗﻣــﺎد ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻋــﻼف اﻟﻣراﻋــﻰ ﻟﺗﻐذﯾــﺔ اﻟﻣﺎﺷــﯾﺔ ﺗــﺻﺑﺢ ﻣﻘــدرة اﻻراﻧــب ﻋﻠــﻰ اﺳــﺗﻌﻣﺎل ﺑــروﺗﯾن اﻻﻋــﻼف ﺑﻛﻔــﺎءة ذات اﻫﻣﯾــﺔ ﺧﺎﺻــﺔ ، وﯾــﺻﯾر اﻻراﻧــب ﻣﻬﻣــﺎ ﺟــدا ﻟﻘدرﺗــﻪ ﻋﻠــﻰ ًً اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻫذﻩ اﻻﻋﻼف ﺑﻛﻔﺎءة ٠ ﺷﻛ ل رﻗم ) ٧ ٤ ( ﯾوﺿﺢ ﺗﻘدﯾر ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻫﺿم ﺑروﺗﯾن اﻟﻐذاء ﻓﻰ اﻻراﻧب

ﻔــﺎءة ذات اﻫﻣﯾــﺔ ﺧﺎﺻــﺔ ، وﯾــﺻﯾر اﻻراﻧــب ﻣﻬﻣــﺎ ﺟــدا ﻟﻘدرﺗــﻪ ﻋﻠــﻰ ًً اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻫذﻩ اﻻﻋﻼف ﺑﻛﻔﺎءة ٠ ﺷﻛ ل رﻗم ) ٧ ٤ ( ﯾوﺿﺢ ﺗﻘدﯾر ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻫﺿم ﺑروﺗﯾن اﻟﻐذاء ﻓﻰ اﻻراﻧب ﺗﻘدﯾر ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻫﺿم ﺑروﺗﯾن اﻟﻐذاء : اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ :

١٥٤ وﺿــﻊ اﻻراﻧــب ﻓــﻰ ﺻــﻧدوق اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾــل اﻟﻐــذاﺋﻰ ، ﺛــم ﺟﻣــﻊ ﻋﯾﻧــﺎت اﻟــروث وﺗﻘــدﯾر اﻟﻣــﺄﻛول ﻣــن اﻟﻐــذاء ، ﺛــم ﺗﺣﻠﯾــل ﻫــذﻩ اﻟﻌﯾﻧــﺎت ﻟﺗﻘدﯾر ﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ، وﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻣﺗﺣﺻل ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻰ : ١ - ﯾﺣﺗوى اﻟﻐذاء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺑروﺗﯾن ٦١ % ٢ - ﯾﺣﺗوى اﻟروث ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺑروﺗﯾن ٠١ % ٣ - ﻣﻘدا ر اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﻠك ﻣن اﻟﻐذاء ٠٠٠١ ﺟرام ٤ - ﻣﻘدار اﻟ روث اﻟﺧﺎرج ﻣن اﻻراﻧب ٠٠٤ ﺟرام طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺣﺳﺎب : ٠٠٠١ × ٦١ ١ - ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن اﻟﻣﺄﻛو ل = ـــ ــــــــ = ٠٦١ ﺟم ٠٠١ ٠٠٤ × ٠١ ٢ - ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن ﻓﻰ اﻟروث = ـــ ــ ــــــ = ٠٤ ﺟم ٠٠١ ٣ - اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن اﻟﻣﻬﺿوم = ٠٦١ – ٠٤ = ٠٢١ ﺟم ٠٢١ ٤ – ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻫﺿم اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن = ـــ ـ ــ × ٠٠١ = ٥٧ % ٠٦١ ﻫﺿم اﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾدرات : Carbohydrate Digestion اﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾــدرات ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻐــذاء ﻧوﻋــﺎن اﻷول ﻋﺑــﺎرة ﻋــن ﻣــﺻﺎدر ﺳــﻬﻠﺔ اﻟﻬــﺿم ﻣﺛــل اﻟﻧــﺷﺎ واﻟــﺳﻛروز واﻟﻧــ وع اﻟﺛــﺎﻧﻰ ﺻــﻌب اﻟﻬــﺿم ﻧــﺳﺑﯾﺎ ﻣﺛــل اﻟــﺳﻠﯾﻠوز واﻟﻬﯾﻣﯾــﺳﻠﯾﻠوز ، واﻟﻧــﺷﺎ ﻫــو اﻟﻣﻛــون اﻻﺳﺎﺳــﻰ ﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾــدرات اﻟﺣﺑــوب ، ﺑﯾﻧﻣــﺎ اﻟــﺳﻠﯾﻠوز واﻟﻬﯾﻣﯾــﺳﻠﯾوز ﻫﻣــﺎ ً اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎن اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺎن ﻟﺟزء اﻻﻟﯾﺎف ﻓﻰ اﻋﻼف اﻟﻣراﻋﻰ ٠ وﯾﺗم ﻫﺿم اﻟﻧﺷﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻻراﻧب ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻧـزﯾم اﻣﯾﻠﯾـز اﻟـذى ﯾ ﻔـرزﻩ اﻟﺑﻧﻛرﯾـﺎس وﯾﻘـوم ﻫـذا اﻻﻧـزﯾم ﺑﺗﻛـﺳﯾر اﻟﻧـﺷﺎ اﻟﻰ ﺟزﯾﺋﺎت ﺳـﻛر اﻟﺟﻠوﻛـوز اﻟﺗـﻰ ﯾﺗﻛـون ﻣﻧﻬـﺎ وﯾـﺗم ﺑﻌـد ذﻟـك اﻣﺗـﺻﺎص اﻟﺟﻠوﻛـوز اﻟـﻰ اﻟـدم ﺧـﻼل اﻻﻣﻌـﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘـﺔ ﻟﺗـﺳﺗﻌﻣﻠﻪ اﻻراﻧـب ﻛﻣـﺻدر اﻟطﺎﻗـﺔ ، وﻧظـرا ﻟﻠـﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾـﺔ اﻟﺗـﻰ ﯾﻣـر ﺑﻬـﺎ اﻟﻐــذاء ﻓـﻰ اﻻﻣﻌـﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘـﺔ ﻓـﺎن ﻛﻣﯾـﺎت ﻛﺑﯾـرة ﻣـن ً اﻟﻧـﺷﺎ ﻏﯾــر اﻟﻣﻬﺿوم ﺗـﺻل اﻟـﻰ اﻻﻣﻌـﺎء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾـﺔ ، ﺣﯾـث ﺗﺗﺧﻣـر ﺑواﺳـطﺔ اﻟﺑﻛﺗرﯾـﺎ ، واذا ﺗﻧـﺎول اﻻراﻧـب اﻟﺣﺑـوب ﺑﻧـﺳﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾـﺔ ﻓﻘـد ﺗﺗـﺳﺑب ﻓــﻰ زﯾــﺎدة ﻋــبء اﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾــدرات ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻻﻣﻌــﺎء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾــﺔ واﻟزﯾــﺎدة ﻣــن اﻟﻧــﺷﺎ ﺗﺟﻌــل ﻣﺟــﺎﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺑﻛﺗرﯾــﺎ ﺗﻧﻔﺟــر ، ﻓــﺎذا وﺟــدت ﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾــﺎ ﻣﻧﺗﺟــﻪ ﻻى ﻣــواد ﺳــﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻛــون اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟــﺔ ﺗــﺳﻣم اﻟﺣﯾــوان وﻧﻔوﻗــﻪ وﻋﻠــﻰ ذﻟــك ﻓــﺎن ﻧوﻋﯾــﺔ اﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾــدرات اﻟﻐــذاﺋﻰ وﻛﻣﯾﺗــﻪ ﺗــﺗﺣﻛم ﻓــﻰ ﺣدوث ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻣرﺿﯾﺔ رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻻراﻧب ٠ وﻫﺿم اﻻﻟﯾﺎف ﻓﻰ اﻻراﻧب ﻣﻧﺧﻔض وﻓﻰ اﻟﺟدول اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﯾﺎن ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻫﺿم اﻻﻟﯾﺎف ﻓﻰ ﻋدﯾد ﻣن ﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﻣزرﻋﺔ ٠ ﺟدول رﻗم ) ١٩ ( ﯾوﺿﺢ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻫﺿم اﻟﯾﺎف درﯾس اﻟﻔﺎاﻟﻔﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوان ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻫﺿم اﻻﻟﯾﺎف ) % ( اﻻﺑﻘﺎر ٤٤ اﻻﻏﻧﺎم ٥٤ اﻟﻣﺎﻋز ١٤ اﻟﺣﺻﺎن ١٤ اﻟﺧﻧزﯾر ٢٢ اﻷرﻧب ٤١ وﻫﻧﺎك ﺗﺳﺎؤل وﻫو اﻧﻪ اذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻻراﻧب ﺗﻬﺿم اﻻﻟﯾﺎف ﺑﻣﺛل ﻫذا اﻟﺿﻌف ﻓﻛﯾف ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻬﺎ اﻻﺳﺗﻔﺎدة ﻣن اﻻﻏذﯾﺔ اﻟﻠﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺑﻛﻔـﺎءة ؟ ﯾﻣ ﻛــن ﺗﻔــﺳﯾر ﻣﺛــل ﻫــذا اﻟﺗﻧــﺎﻗض ﺑﻣﻼﺣظــﺔ ان اﻻﻟﯾــﺎف ﺗﻣﺛــل ٠٢ – ٥٢ % ﻓﻘــط ﻣــن ﻋﻠــف اﻟﻣراﻋــﻰ ، وﻋﻠــﻰ ذﻟــك ﻓﺎﻟﺑرﺳــﯾم اﻟﺣﺟﺎزى ﯾﺣﺗوى ﻋﻠﻰ ٥٧ - ٠٨ % ﻣواد اﺧرى ﻏﯾر اﻻﻟﯾﺎف ٠

٢٥٤ وﯾﻘوم اﻻرﻧب ﺑﻬﺿم اﻻﺟزاء اﻟﻠﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺑﻛﻔـﺎءة ﻣﺛـل ﻫـﺿم اﻟﺑـروﺗﯾن واﻟﻛروﺑوﻫﯾـدرات اﻟذاﺋﺑـﺔ وﺗﺧـرج اﻻﻟﯾـﺎف ﻏﯾـر اﻟﻣﻬـﺿوﻣﺔ ﻓـﻰ اﻟـــروث ، وﺗﻔﺗـــرض اﻻﺑﺣـــﺎث اﻟﺗـــﻰ ﺗﻣـــت ﻓـــﻰ اوروﺑـــﺎ وﺟـــود ﻓﺎﺻـــل ﺑـــﯾن اﻟﺟزﯾﺋـــﺎت اﻟـــﺻﻐﯾرة واﻟﻛﺑﯾـــرة ﻓـــﻰ اﻻﻋـــور ، ﻓﺗﺣﺗﺟـــز اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة ﻟﻣزﯾد ﻣن ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻬﺿم ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم اﺧراج اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ٠ وﺗرﺟﻊ ﻣﻘدرة اﻻراﻧب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﻔﺎدة ﻣن اﻟﻌﻼﺋق اﻟﻐﻧﯾـﺔ ﻓـﻰ اﻟﺑرﺳـﯾم اﻟﺣﺟـﺎز ى وﻏﯾـرﻩ ﻣـن اﻋـﻼف اﻟﻣراﻋـﻰ اﻟـﻰ اﻟﻛﻣﯾـﺔ اﻟﻛﺑﯾـرة اﻟﺗﻰ ﯾﺗﻧﺎوﻟﻬﺎ ﻣن ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻌﻼﺋق ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ ، ﻣﻊ ﺳرﻋﺔ اﺧراج اﻻﻟﯾﺎف وﻫﺿم اﻟﻣواد ﻏﯾر اﻟﻠﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻫﺿﻣﺎ ﺟﯾدا ًً ٠ وﯾوﺟــﻪ اﻻﻫﺗﻣــﺎم ﻓــﻰ ﻛﺛﯾــر ﻣــن اﻟﺑﻠــدان اﻟــﻰ اﻧﺗــﺎج ﻣرﻛــزات ﻣــن ﺑــروﺗﯾن اﻻوراق ) LPC ( ﻛﻐــذاء ﻟﻼﻧــﺳﺎن واﻟﺣﯾــوان ، وﻓــﻰ ﻫــذﻩ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﯾﺗم ﺣش اﻟﺣﺷﺎﺋش وﺗﻘطﻊ وﻫـﻰ ﻣﺎزاﻟـت ﺧـﺿراء وﺗﻌـﺻر ﻻﺳـﺗﺧراج اﻟﻌـﺻﯾر ﻣﻧﻬـﺎ ، واﻟـذى ﯾﺣﺗـوى ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻧـﺳﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾـﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن وﯾﺗرك اﻟﻌﺻﯾر ﺑﻌد ذﻟك ﺣﺗﻰ ﯾﻐﻠظ ﻗواﻣﻪ ﺛم ﯾﻛﺷط وﯾﺟﻔف ، واﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﺿر اﻟﻧـﺎﺗﺞ ﻣـﺻدر ﺟﯾـد ﻟﻠﺑـروﺗﯾن ﯾـﺳﺎوى ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻘﯾﻣــﺔ اﻟﺑــروﺗﯾن اﻟﻣوﺟــود ﻓــﻰ ﻛــﺳب ﻓــول اﻟــﺻوﯾﺎ ٠ وﺗ ﻌﺗﺑــر اﻻراﻧــب وﺳــﯾﻠﺔ ﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾــﺔ ﻻﻧﺗــﺎج ) LPC ( ﺣﯾــث ﺗﻘــوم ﺑﻔــﺻل ﺑــروﺗﯾن اﻻﻋــﺷﺎب ﺑﻛﻔــﺎءة ﻋﺎﻟﯾــﺔ ﻣــن اﻻﻟﯾــﺎف وﺗﺧــرج اﻻﻟﯾــﺎف ﻓــﻰ اﻟــروث ﺑﯾﻧﻣــﺎ ﯾﺗﺣــول اﻟﺑــروﺗﯾن اﻟــﻰ ﻟﺣــم ﻓــﻰ ﺟــﺳﻣﻬﺎ ﻋــﺎﻟﻰ اﻟﺟــودة ، وﻓــﻰ ﻛﺛﯾــر ﻣــن اﻟﺑﻠــدان ﻗــد ﯾﻛــون اﻧﺗــﺎج اﻻراﻧــب اﻛﺛــر ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯾــﺔ ﻣــن اﻟﻧﺎﺣﯾــﺔ اﻻﻗﺗــﺻﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾــ ﺔ ﻟﻼﺳــﺗﻔﺎدة ﻣــن اﻋﻼف اﻟﻣراﻋﻰ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن اﻻﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﻰ ﻟﻣرﻛزات ﺑروﺗﯾن اﻻوراق ً ٠ وﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻻﯾﺑدو ﻟﻸﻟﯾﺎف اﯾﻪ ﻓﺎﺋدة ﻟﻸراﻧب ﻛﻣﺻدر ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻛون ﻫﺎم ﻓﻰ ﻋﻼﺋق اﻻراﻧب وﻗد اظﻬرت ﻋدﯾـد ﻣـن اﻟدراﺳـﺎت ان اﻟﻌﻼﺋق اﻟﻔﻘﯾرة ﻓﻰ اﻻﻟﯾﺎف ﺗﺳﺑب اﻟﻧزﻻت اﻟﻣﻌوﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗزاﯾدة ، وﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻟﻸﻟﯾـﺎف ﺗـﺄﺛﯾر وﻗـﺎﺋﻰ ﻣﻌـﯾن ، ﺣﯾـث ﺗﻘـوم ﺑﺗﺧـﺷﯾن اﻻﻣﻌﺎء ﻣن اﻟداﺧل واﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺻـﺣﯾﺔ ﺟﯾـدة ، وزﯾـﺎدة ﻣـﺳﺗوى اﻻﻟﯾـﺎف ﻓـﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﯾﻘـﺔ ﯾـﺳﺑب ﻧﻘـص اﻟﻛﻣﯾـﺔ اﻟﻣﺄﻛوﻟـﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾدرات اﻟذاﺋﺑﺔ ، ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻣل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺗﺧﻔﯾـف ﻋـبء اﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾـدرات اﻟواﻗـﻊ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻻﻣﻌـﺎء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾـﺔ ، ﻛﻣـﺎ ان ﺗﻘـدﯾم اﻻﻟﯾـﺎف ﻓﻰ اﻟﻐذاء ﯾﺳﺎﻋد اﯾﺿﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺟﻧب ﻣﺿﻎ اﻟﻔراء ﻓﻰ اﻻراﻧب ً ٠ ﻫﺿم اﻟدﻫن : Fat Digestion ﯾﺗم ﻫﺿم اﻟدﻫون ﻓـﻰ اﻻﻣﻌـﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘـﺔ ﺑواﺳـطﺔ اﻧـزﯾم ﻟﯾﺑﯾـز اﻟـذى ﯾﻔـرزﻩ اﻟﺑﻧﻛرﯾـﺎس ، ﻛﻣـﺎ ﯾﻘـﻊ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟـﺻﻔراء اﻟﻣﻔـرزة ﻣـن اﻟﻛﺑـد ﻋبء اﺳﺗﺣﻼب اﻟدﻫون ) ﺗﻔﺗﯾت اﻟدﻫون اﻟﻰ ﺣﺑﯾﺑﺎ ت ﺻﻐﯾرة ( ﻓﻰ اﻟوﺳط اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻰ اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻰ اﻻﻣﻌﺎء وﯾﻣﯾل اﻟرأى اﻟـﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺄن اﻟﻐذاء اﻟﻐﻧـﻰ ﻓـﻰ اﻟـدﻫن ﺑﻧـﺳﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾـﺔ ﻗـد ﯾـﺻﻌب ﻫـﺿﻣﻪ ، وﻫـذا ﻟـﯾس ﺻـﺣﯾﺣﺎ ﻓـﻰ اﻻراﻧـب ، ﻓﺎﻟـدﻫون ﺳـرﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﻬـﺿم ، ً وﻗد اﻣﻛن ﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻻراﻧب ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﯾﻘﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ٥٢ % دﻫن دون ﺣدوث ﺗﺄﺛﯾرات ﺳﯾﺋﺔ ٠ وﻓــﻰ اﻟﺗﻐذﯾــﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠ ﯾــﺔ ﺗﻛــون ﻧــﺳﺑﺔ اﻟــدﻫون ٣ - ٥ % ﻫــﻰ اﻻﻛﺛــر ﺷــﯾوﻋﺎ واذا زادت ﻋــن ذﻟــك ﻓﻘــد ﺗﻘــل ﻧوﻋﯾــﺎت اﻟﺣﺑﯾﺑــﺎت ﻣــﺳﺑﺑﺔ ً ﺗﻌﺟن ﺣﺑﯾﺑﺎت اﻟﻐذاء ﻓﻰ اﻟﻘﻧﺎة اﻟﻬﺿﻣﯾﺔ وﯾوﺿﺢ ﺟدول ) ٦ ( ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻫﺿم اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻏذﯾﺔ اﻻراﻧب ٠ ﻫﺿم اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن واﻟﻔﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾﻧﺎت : Digestion of Minerals and Vitamins ﻻ ﺗﺣﺗــﺎج اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻــر اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾــﺔ واﻟﻔﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾﻧــﺎت اﻟــﻰ ﻫــﺿم ، ﺣﯾــث اﻧﻬــﺎ ﺗوﺟــد ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻐــذاء ﻓــﻰ ﺷــﻛل ﻗﺎﺑــل ﻟﻼﻣﺗــﺻﺎص اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷــر ، وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﺎن ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻬﺿم ﺗﻧطﺑق ﻓﻘط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﺳﺎم اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻐذاء وﻫﻰ اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن واﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾدرات واﻻﻟﯾﺎف واﻟدﻫون ٠

٣٥٤ ﺟدول رﻗم ) ٢٩ ( ﯾوﺿﺢ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻫﺿم اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻐ ذاﺋﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻻراﻧب Nitrogen free extract Crude fiber Crude fat Crude protein 41 13 41 74 Bluegrass 80 15 73 74 Clover, green 68 84 44 75 Clover, dried 89 65 54 87 Ladino clover, green 86 64 55 84 Ladino clover, dried 81 64 70 80 Alfalfa (Lucerne ), green 42 28 43 80 Orchard grass, green 48 37 42 75 Orchard grass, dried 64 27 49 68 Sudan grass 40 23 53 84 Tall fescue, green 41 26 52 81 Tall fescue, dried 66 49 46 77 Mixed grasses with clover, green 56 26 26 62 Mixed grasses with clover, drie d 67 20 82 63 Clover hay 63 18 16 72 Alfalfa (Lucerne) hay 55 33 45 50 Meadow hay (good) 79 42 32 90 Nettle hay 36 10 54 61 Oat hay, green 51 11 44 47 Timothy hay 72 11 63 78 Vetch hay 53 22 50 78 Wheat hay, green 35 25 30 30 Oat straw 77 56 59 6 8 Artichoke tops 92 89 72 83 Beet tops, fresh 85 69 69 67 Beet tops, dried 103 88 83 99 Cabbage 85 82 54 73 Gout weed 88 33 72 86 Marrowstem kale 93 77 63 75 Sow thistle, green 96 100 80 66 Fodder beets 98 56 79 86 Carrots 99 93 91 77 Celery 98 8 3 85 68 Potatoes, steaned 101 82 103 91 Turnips 91 28 89 75 89 12 106 85 Barley 92 45 92 81 92 146 93 84 Maize 79 19 92 81 79 24 98 79 Oats 91 103 69 72 Sorghum 92 25 81 69 Rye 93 54 82 79 95 28 92 83 Wheat 97 28 100 85 65 24 77 83 Wheat bran 58 33 97 90 Burdock seed meal 96 49 101 91 Groundnut cake 81 20 99 86 Linseed oil cake 87 32 100 75 Mustard seed meal 70 64 95 76 Rapeseed cake 84 73 101 91 Sesame cake 96 52 96 90 Soya beanoil cake 48 - 100 75 Fishmeal 101 - 98 95 Dried bre ad 80 50 80 70 Kitchen waste

٤٥٤ AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (1995) Official Methods of Analysis (16th edition (ed. By Helrich), AOAC. Arlington. VA. Perez, J. M.; Lbas, F.; Gidenne, T.; Martens, L.; Xiccato, G.; PerigiBini, R.; Dall o - Zotte, A.; Cossu, M. E.; Carazzolo, A.; Villamide, M. J.; Carabario, R.; Fraga, M. J.; Ramos, M A.; Cervera, C,; Blas, E., Fernandez - Carmona, J.; Falcao, E. Cunha; Cmnha, M. L. and Bengala Freire, J. (1995). European reference method for in vivo determin ation of diet digestibility in rabbits. World Rabbit Sci., 3:41 - 43. * - Analysis methods: - Chemical composition of the control and experimental diets (SBM, NSM and SFM), and feces were analyzed according to A.O.A.C. (1990). - Relative contribution of soft faec es to dry matter crude protein intake were calculated according to Fraga et al., (1991) as follows: - Relative contribution of SF to dry matter intake = (SF excretion, g DM/day) ÷ (feed intake, g DM / day + FS excretion, g DM/day) x 100. - Relative contributio n of SF to crude protein intake = - (CP excreted in soft faeces, g/day) ÷ (CP ingested in feed, g/day + CP excreted in soft feces, g/day) x 100. - Caecal turnover rate calculated according to Garcia et al., (1995) as follows: - Caecal turnover rate = - [ SF produ ction (g DM / d) ÷ caecal contents (g DM) ] x 100. - A.O.A.C. (1990). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official methods of analysis. 15 th Edition. Washington D.C. - Fraga, M. J.; Preez de Ayala, P; Carabano, R. and De - Blas, J. C. (1991). Effect of type of fiber on the rate of passage and on the4 contribution of soft feces to nutrient intake of finishing rabbit. Journal Animal Science, 69: 1566 - 1574. - Garcia, J.; De - Blas, C.; Carabano, R. and Gracia, P. (1995). Effect of type of luecern on caecal ferm entation and nitrogen contribution through caecotrophy in rabbits. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 35: 267 - 275. * - H eal digestibility : NZW adult males rabbits weighing 3 - 3.5 kg were fitted with a single T glass cannula in the terminal of ileum accordi ng to the technique described by Gidenne (1988). Each three cannulated rabbits were kept in individual metabolic wire cages (45x45x35 cm). After 7 days of adaptation (ad libitum) to each experimental diets, rabbit were housed in a special hammock with an o pening to admit cannula Plastic neck collars were used to prevent coprophagy. Fekete, S. and Gippert, T. (1986). Digestibility and nutritive value of nineteen important feedstuffs for rabbits. Journal of Applied Rabbit Research, 9 (3) 103 - 108. Perez, J. M. ; Lbas, F.; Gidenne, T.; Martens, L.; Xiccato, G.; PerigiBini, R.; Dallo - Zotte, A.; Cossu, M. E.; Carazzolo, A.; Villamide, M. J.; Carabario, R.; Fraga, M. J.; Ramos, M A.; Cervera, C,; Blas, E., Fernandez - Carmona, J.; Falcao, E. Cunha; Cmnha, M. L. and Be ngala Freire, J. (1995). European reference method for in vivo determination of diet digestibility in rabbits. World Rabbit Sci., 3:41 - 43. Gidenne, T., (1988). Ileal digestibility measures on cannulated rabbits. The 4 th Congress of W.R.S.A.

mination of diet digestibility in rabbits. World Rabbit Sci., 3:41 - 43. Gidenne, T., (1988). Ileal digestibility measures on cannulated rabbits. The 4 th Congress of W.R.S.A. Budapest, Hunga ry, 345 - 350. A series of six collections of ileal digesta (ileal flow) were performed during three days (2 collection / day) with a time interval such to cover a 24 h cycle. Ileal apparent digestibility coefficient (IADC) was calculated according to Gidenn e (1992) as follows: IADC = (DI + SFI – IF) x 100 / DI . Where: DI = Diet intake (g) SFI = Soft faeces intake (g)

٥٥٤ IF = Ileal flow (g) Gidenne, T., (1992). Effect of Fiber level, particle size and adaptation period on di gestibility and rate of passage as measured at the ileum and in the faeces in the adult rabbits. British Journal Nutrition, 67, 133 - 146. * - Faecal digestibility: Digestibility was carried out using male NAW rabbits (rabbits in each group). Rabbits were kep t individually in metabolic cages that allowed collecting faece and urine separately. Rabbits of each group were offered one of the experimental diets. After 14 days of adaptation period to each diet, the actual consumed feed and faeces output were measure d during 5 consecutive days according to European reference method for rabbit digestion trials (Perez et al., 1995). Samples of daily faeces (20%) of each rabbit were collected every day, dried at 60 – 70 °C for 48 h, bulked, mixed finally ground and kept for chemical analysis. ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ اﻻﻟﯿﺎف : * - Dried samples were analyzed for fiber fractions, natural detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) using Tecator Fibretic System according to G oering and Van Soest (1970) Procedures. Hemicellulose was calculated as the different between NDF and ADF, while cellulose was calculated as the difference between ADF and ADL. Goering, H. K. and P.T. Van Soest (1970). Forage fiber analysis (apparatus, re agent, Procedures and some applications). ARS, US. Dept. Agr. Handbook, Washington, DC. 20402. The Effect was calculated according to the following equation: EEf=A - B/B X100 Where A is selling coast of obtained gain (LE per kg) and B is the feeding coast o f this gain. The DE Kcal/g = 4.36 – 0.0491 x NDF %. NDF % = 28.924 + 0.657 x CF%. Cheeke, P.R (1987). Rabbit feeding and nutrition. Academic Press, Oriando, Florida, USA. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- * - Determinations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL), were carried out in dried samples by Van Soest et al., (1991). Relative contribution of soft faeces to dry matter and CP int ake were calculated according to Fraga et al., (1991). Caecal turnover rate was calculated according to Garcia et al., (1995). Van Soest, P. J.; Robertion, J. B.; and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch p olysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74: 3583 - 3597). Fraga, M. J.; Perez de Ayala, P.; Carabano, R. and De Blas, J. C. (1991). Effect of type of fiber on the rate of passage and on the contribution of soft faece s to nutrient intake of finishing rabbit. J. Anim. SAci., 69: 1566 - 1574. اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺬﺑﺢ : * - Rabbits (rabbits per each group) were randomly slaughtered at the end of the 14th week of age (marketing age). Rabbits were weight and slaughtered after fasting f or 12 hours (Lukefahr et al, 1992). Carcass trails were evaluated according to Blasco et al. (1992) after