التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة د.اسامه محمد الحسيني

٥٣٤ Polson, A. (1990). Isolation of IgY from the yolks of eggs by a chloroform polyethylene glycol procedure. Immunoil. Invest. 19,253 - 258. SAS Institute. (2001). SAS/STAT User`s Guide: Statistics. Release 8.2. S AS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. Rectal Temperature (RT) and Respiration Rate (RR): Nine birds were randomly taken from each group (3 birds / replicate / group ) for measuring rectal temperature and respiration rate. These parameters were measured just before treatment period termination at 10 weeks of age. Rectal temperature was obtained gently by thermometer inserted into the cloaca and respiration rate by counting the body wall movement for one minute using stop watch and a counter. Atmospheric ammonia: Air ammonia (NH3) concentration inside the experimental pens were taken biweekly intervals by using NH3 detector tubes (Dragger Gas Detector). NH3 measurements were taken at approximately 2 cm above the litter and at the level of bird of bird in randomly three different locations at approximately the same time (10 am). Serum samples were collected from each treatment every 4 wks intervals throughout the entire experimental period and stored at – 20 °C for analyses. At 39 wks, artificial insemination was applied , fertile eggs laid during the 40 wks of age, were collected to estimate egg fertility and hatchability percentages. Hatched chick were weight, and then serum samples were collected. 1 . Semen characteristics: At 44 wks of age semen was collected from 48 well trained cocks (1 cocks from each treatment) by massage method. Semen sample were examined for the following characteristics. 1 . Ejaculate volume was measured to the nearest 0.01 ml by using graduated syringe. 2 . Mass motility score (From 1 to 5 grades). 3 . Sperm co ncentration was measured by hemocytometer in counting the sperm per cubic millimeter. 4 . Live sperm. The differentiation of live from dead sperms was done by a buffered brom - phenol blue and nigrosine solution technic. 5 . Semen pH was determined using comparative pH papers. 6 . Semen color was also determined. The previous characteristics were determined according to (Kalamah et al., 2000). Kalamah, M.A.; El - Nadi, M.M.; Gohar, L.M. and Soliman, M.M. (2000). Some factors affecting fertility and hatchability using artif icial insemination in Norfa chickens. 3rd All Africa Conference on Animal Agric. And 11th Conference of the Egyptian Society of Animal Production, Alex. Egypt, 6 - 9 November, 597 - 605. 2 . Fertility and hatchability: At 44 wks of age four cocks from each treatme nt were selected and confined with 40 hens (1 cock/10 hens ) received the same corresponding treatment. Eggs produced by each experimental group were collected at 42. 43 and 44 wks of age. The eggs of each treatment were incubated of each treatment and hatched separately to determine fertility percent (number of fertile eggs/number of eggs set x 100) and hatchability percent (number of hatched chicks/number of total eggs set x 100). Egg and shell quality: At the end of experimental period, eggs were

ber of eggs set x 100) and hatchability percent (number of hatched chicks/number of total eggs set x 100). Egg and shell quality: At the end of experimental period, eggs were collected from each treatment to examine egg and shell quality measurements. Egg dimension (Length and width) were measured in mm to calculate egg shape index according to Romanoff and Romanoff (1949) using the following equation: Egg shape index = eg g width (mm) / egg Length (mm) x 100 Yolk and albumen index were calculated according to Funk et al., (1958) as yolk and albumen height divided by yolk and albumen diameter, respectively. The weight of yolk was estimated

٦٣٤ after the separation of albumen whi le, albumen weight was calculated by subtracting the weight of yolk and shell from the egg weight. Albumen, yolk and shell percentages were calculated. The shell without membrane was weight and a micrometer measured its thickness. Funk E.M., Fronig, G., Gr ottes, F.R anf Kinder, J. (1958). Quality of eggs laid by caged layer. World poultry Sci.J., 15:207. * - The present study was carried out at the poultry Research farm Hy - Line laying hens aged 60 weeks were randomly chosen from a large commercial flock. Al l hens were approximately of an equal body weight (Mean ± S.E) and similar performance. Birds were leg banded, and divided into three groups. Birds of the first group were fed ad - libitum and adding considered as control. The second group was force molted b y adding 1% zinc oxide on diet for 14 days. While birds of the third group were force molted by feed restriction (25%) for 7 days, then fasting fore subsequent 7 days. When hens of second and third group completely ceased egg production, nine experimental groups of 100 hens each were formed and treated as the following table to detect the response of molted hens to the hormonal treatments investigated. All groups were housed in floor pens at a density of 5 hens/m2. All birds were reared under the same manag erial and hygienic conditions and fed laying rations. Bird were individually weighed at the beginning of the experiment at two weeks of molt treatments and at monthly intervals after molting up to the end of the experimental period which lasted sixteen wee ks. ﺟﺪول رﻗﻢ ) ٠٩ (: Experimental design and number of birds Molt induction methods Post - molt hormonal treatments Non molted (n=30) 1 - Control 1% dietary zinc oxide for 14 days (n=120) 2 - Injection with 1 ml distilled water (d.w.) for 6 days (n=30) 3 - Injection wit h 10 mg/1 ml (d.w.) estradiol 17 β for 6 days (n=30) 4 - Injection with 10 mg/1 ml (d.w.) indomethacin for 3 days followed by 10 mg Bromoriptine for 3 days (n=30) 5 - Injection with Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) 50 IU for 6 days (n=30). Feed restriction (25 %) for 7 days followed by fasting for further 7 days (n=120) 6 - Injection with 1 ml distilled water (d.w.) for 6 days (n=30) 7 - Injection with 10 mg/1 ml (d.w.) estradiol 17 β for 6 days (n=30) 8 - Injection with 10 mg/1 ml (d.w.) indomethacin for 3 days followed by 10 mg Bromoriptine for 3 days (n=30) 9 - Injection with Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) 50 IU for 6 days (n=30). Feed consumption and conversion, egg production, egg weight and egg mass were determined. Heparinized blood samples were obtained from wing vein of four hens chosen randomly per each treatment for the determination of plasma Estrogen, Progesterone, T3 and T4 levels and T3/T4 ratio. Hormonal assays measured before molt, at the 2nd week of molt treatments and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after molt. Ra dioimmunoassay of plasma samples of tetraiodothyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) were carried out at the laboratories of endocrinology research unit.

ssay of plasma samples of tetraiodothyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) were carried out at the laboratories of endocrinology research unit. Radiobiology department, nuclear research center, Atomic Energy Aut hority. Tetraiodothironine (T4) Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was estimated according to EL - Banna et al., 1992 a and b. Plasma progesterone (P4) Radioimmunossay was estimated according to El - Banna and Gamal (1986), and plasma estradiol (E2) Radioimmunoassay was e stimated according to EL - Banna et al., (1988). All data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure (GLM) of SAS program (1996) according to the following model: Where:

٧٣٤ Yµ = the observation of the J th individual in the i th treatment: µ = the ove rall mean; T1 = The effect of the ith treatment; e ij = the random error. Test of significance for differences were done using Duncan (1955) multiple comparison option in SAS Duncan, D. B., (1955). Multiple range and multiple F test. Biometrics, 33:1 - 42. ElBanna, I. M., El - Asrag, H. A., Ragab, M. T. and Barakat, M. (1992a). Productionof specific thyroxine antiserum for radioimmunoassay using drevatized immunogen. Isotope and Rad. Res. 24(1): 15 - 2. ElBanna, I. M., El - Asrag, H. A., Ragab, M. T. and Barakat, M. (1992b). A provision radio iodination technique for the production of Ta - 1 and T4 - 125 for sensitive radioimmunoassay. Isotope and Res. In press. ElBanna, I. M., El - Asrag, H A. and Gamalo, M. H. (1988). An improved method for estradiol - 17B radioimmunoa ssay. Isotope and Rad. Res, 20 (2): 141 - 144. ElBanna, I. M. and Gamal, M. H. (1986), Miniature system for progesterone radioimmunoassay: Economy versus sensitivity and precision. Alex. J. Agric. Res. 31(3): 101 - 113. SAS (1996). SAS Procedure Guide. “ Versi on 6.12 Ed”. Institute Inc., Cary, N.C. USA. * - A total of 1600 hatching egg from both strains were used for detection hatching traits, besides eighty eggs were used for minerals determination in shell membranes of fertile and infertile eggs. Eggs were in cubated in forced draft - type incubator (Egyptian made) at 99.5 °F temperature and 55% relative humidity in the setter and 98.6°F temperature and 5% relative humidity in hatcher unit. All eggs were individually weight before setting in the incubator as zero time and then they were weight again on, 5th, 18th and at first time of pipping to obtain egg weight loss percentages. Egg weight loss percentage was calculated for each egg within a certain incubation interval as a percentage of the initial egg weight a s follow: Weight of egg on a certain day of incubation period Egge weight loss % = ---------------------------------------------------------------- X 100 Initial egg weight Egg that failed to hatch a [ 1 the end of incubation and having full opportunity were broken out and then examined macroscopically to estimate the embryonic development and assigned to their time of death durin g the intervals (0 - 5), (5 - 18), (18 - pipping), (0 - 18), and (0 - Pipping) days. Fertility was calculated as the percentage of fertile egg from total setting eggs. Hatchability was calculated as the perecentage of sound chicks that hatched from either total or f ertile eggs. Mineral concentration (ca, Mg, Na and K) of fertile and infertile eggs were detected on zero, 5 th , 18 th days and at the first signs of pipping for both chicken strains egg. Eggs were randomly selected from both fertile and infertile eggs for each mentioned incubation date. The inner eggshell membrane and part of the outer shell membrane, which may have adhered to the inner membrane, were removed from the eggs and then washed three times in deionized water, and dried as described by Tranter et al., (1983).

brane, which may have adhered to the inner membrane, were removed from the eggs and then washed three times in deionized water, and dried as described by Tranter et al., (1983). The dried membranes were weight to the nearest 0.01mg and wet - ashed in 8 ml of in hydrochloric acid plus 12 ml of methanol for 4 days at room temperature. An aliquot of the resulting mineral solution was placed in a 0.5 lanthanum chloride sol ution in deionized water. The aliquot was diluted appropriately to determine Ca, Mg, Na and K concentration using atomatic - absorption sepectrophotometry (Solar, AA series, thermo Elemental). The relative mineral concentration of each eggshell membrane was computed by dividing the observed concentration of each mineral by the dried membrane weight (milligrams of mineral per gram of dried membrane weight).

٨٣٤ Tranter, H.S; Sparks, N.H.C.. and Board, R.G. (1983). Change in structure of the limiting membrane and i n oxygen permeability of the chicken egg integument during incubation. Br. Poutl Sci. 24: 537 - 547. * - egg quality measurements were performed at 43, 51 and 59 weeks of age on egg produced through three days, where three fresh eggs per replicate were random ly collected. Shape and yolk index were determined according to Romanoff and Romanoff (1949). Egg shell thickness was measured using a micrometer to the nearest 0.01 mm at the equator. Egg yolk visual color score was determined by matching the yolk with on e of the 15 bands of the 1961, Roche Improved yolk color fan. Shell weight per unit of surface area (SWUSA) was then calculated according to the equation of Carter (1975). SWUSA (mg/cm 2 ) = (SW “mg” x 1000)/SA “cm 2 ” surface area (SA) was calculated by the e quation of Nordstrom and Ousterthout (1982) as follow: SA (cm 2 ) = 2.978 x (fresh egg weight 0.7056 ). Yolk total lipid and cholesterol were determined by using commercial hits according to the method of Fisher and Leveille (1957) and Allain et al., (1974). Fatty acids of yolk carried out by gass liquid chromatography (GLC) according to the procedure of Radwan (1978). Allain, C. C,; Poon, L. S. and Richmond, W. (1974). Fu P.C. Clin Chem., 20:470. Carter, T. C., (1975). Estimation of shell area and egg volume using measurements of frech egg weight and shell length and breadth alone or in combination. Br. Poult. Sci., 1:514 - 543. Fisher, H. and Leveille, G. A. (1957). Observations on the cholesterol, linoleic and linolenic acid content of eggs as influenced by d ietary fats. J. Nutrition 63:119 - 129. Nordstrom, J. O., and L. W. Ousterhout (1982). Estimation of shell weight and shell thickness from egg specific gravity and egg specific gravity and egg weight. Poult. Sci., 61: 1991 - 1995. Romanoff, A. L. and Romanoff , A. L. (1949). The avian egg. John Wiley and Sons. Inc New York. Radwanm S. S. (1978). Coupling of two - dimensional thin layer chromatography with gas chromatography for the quantative analysis of lipids classes and their constituent fatty acids. J. Chroma tog. Sci. 16: 538 - 542. Woodham, A.; S., Savi; B. J. Ayyash, and S. I. Gordon, (1972), Evaluation of barley as a source of protein for chicks. II. Nutritional assessment of barley of differing variety and composition as complements to protein concentrates. J. Sci of Agric. 23::1055. Egg traits and quality Eggs were daily collected and weight. Averages of egg number (EN)m egg weight (EW), egg mass (EM) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) per EM were weekly calculated per each replicate for a 90 - day laying perio d. Egg quality was assessed on 5 eggs collected per replicate during 3 days at the end of the 90 - day period. Egg shape index (ESI) was determined according to Stadleman (1977). Eggs were broken out and the liquid content were put a side and shell plus memb ranes washed to remove adhering albumen. After drying. Shell weight % measured. Shell thickness (STh) was measured by using a micrometer as an average of 3

and shell plus memb ranes washed to remove adhering albumen. After drying. Shell weight % measured. Shell thickness (STh) was measured by using a micrometer as an average of 3 points (top, medial and base). Egg analysis including albumin protein %, yolk protein % yolk protein %, ether extract % and cholesterol (mg/gm yolk) were performed according to Washburn and Nix (1974). Stadleman, W. J. (1977). Quality identification of shell egg in: Egg Science and Technology. 2nd Ed by W. J. Stadleman and O. J. Cotterill pub by AVI publ ishing company Inc. Connecticut USA. Washburn, K.W. and D.F. Nix (1974). A rapid technical for extraction of yolk cholesterol. Poult. Sci. 53: 1118 - 1122. Performance traits:

٩٣٤ Egg production (number and weight) was recorded daily per replicate. Within each r eplicate weekly feed intake was determined and feed conversion (feed : egg) was then calculated. Egg and shell quality: At the end of experimental period, six eggs were collected from each treatment to examine egg and shell quality measurements. Egg dimens ion (length and width) were measured in mm to calculate egg shape index according to Romanoff and Romanoff (1949) using the following equation: Egg shape index = egg width (mm) / egg length (mm) x 100 Yolk and albumen index were calculated according to Fun k et al., (1958) as yolk and albumen height divided yolk and albumen height divided by yolk and albumen diameter, respectively. The weight of yolk was calculated after the separation of albumen while, albumen weight was calculated by subtracting the weight of yolk and shell from the egg weight. Albumen, yolk and shell percentages were also calculated. The shell without membrane was weighed and a micrometer also calculated. The shell without membrane was weight and a micrometer measured its thickness. Econom ic efficiency: Economical efficiency of eggs production was calculated from input - output analysis which was calculated according to the prices of the experimental diets and egg produced during the year of 2008. The values of economical efficiency were calc ulated as follows: Net revenue (LE) Economic efficiency (EE) = ------------------------------------- Total feed cost (LE) Romanoff, A.L. and Ro manoff A.J. (1949). The avian egg. John Wiley and cons, In., N.Y. Funk E. M., Fronig, G, Grottes, F.R. and Kinder, J. (1958). Quality of eggs laid by caged layers. World poultry Sci. J., 15:207. اﻟﻨﻤﻮ واﻷداء اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﻰ : Performance * - Performance index (PI ) PI = [live body weight (kg) / feed conversion ratio] x 100 Production efficiency factor (PEF) PEF=[Livability x Mass (kg) /FCR x Age in days] x 100 Where: Livability = 100 – Mortality rate (%) Mass (kg) = Final live body weight. North, M.O. (1981). Co mmercial chicken. Production Annual. 2 nd edition, Av., Publishing company I.N.C. West post. Connecticut, USA. Feed conversion ratio (FCR): Average FC (g)/bird during a certain period FCR = ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ BWG (g)/bird during the same period Crude protein conversion (CPC): CP cons. (g)/bird during a certain period FCR = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ BWG (g)/bird during the same period Caloric conversion ratio (CCR): ME cons. (Kcal)/bird during a certain period FCR = ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ BWG (g)/bird during the same period European productive efficiency factor (EPEF):

٠٤٤ AFLBW (kg) x TFBWS (kg) ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ SNC 10000 FCR = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ X ــــــــــــــــــــــ AMA (days) x TFC (kg) 2.2 ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ FNC Where: EPEF = European productive efficiency factor AFLBW (kg) = Average final live body weight TFBWS (kg) = Total final live body weight sold SNC = Starter number of chicks AMA (days) = Average marketing age TFC (kg) = Total feed consumption FNC = Final number of chicks 10000 = Constant factor ــــــــــــــ 2.2 Kamar, G.A. and M.S. Sami (1982): Commerci al broiler production. Recent book center, Kuwait. PP:114 - 115. (Arabic text book). Urinary organic matter (UOM) = Urinary N x 2.62 The percentage of urinary organic matter in the feces was added to the sum of the other components (fecal CP% + EE% + CF% + A sh%) to calculate the fraction of NFE by difference. NFE% = 100 – ( Fecal CP% + EE% + CF% + Ash% + UOM% ) Jakobson, D.E.; S.K. Gertovey and H. Nielson (1960): Digestibilty trails with poultry. Husdryrbugsudvaly - Kobengaven. 56: 1 - 34. Abou Raya, A.K. and A.G . Galal (1971): Evaluation of poultry feeds in digestion trials with reference to some factors invol v ed. A.R.E, J. Anim. Prod., 11(1): 207 - 221. ﻋﺎم ١٠٠٢ : ﻣﺼﺮ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ٢٤٣ ﻣﻠﯿﻮن ﺑﺪاري ﺗﺴﻤﯿﻦ . ٣٣ ﻣﻠﯿﻮن دﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﺑﯿﺎض . ٤٣٦.٩٤٧ طﻦ زرق ﺳﻨﻮﯾﺎ ً . ﺑ ﻤﻌﺪل ٧٢٢.١ ﻛﺠﻢ زرق ﺟﺎف / دﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﯿﻦ . ٠١ ﻛﺠﻢ زرق ﺟﺎف / دﺟﺎج ﺑﯿﺎض . اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮر ١٧.٢ % ﻓﻰ اﻟﺰرق . اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮر ٠٠٠.٠٢ اﻟﻒ طﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﯾﺎ ً . ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ذﺑﺢ اﻟﺪﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﺰر ٣ آﻻف طﺎﺋﺮ / ﺳﺎﻋﺔ : اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﺟﻨﯿﮫ أﺟﻮر ٢٩ ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎء ٠٠١ ﺳﻮﻻر ٠٣ اھﻼك ٠٥ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ وﺗﻐﻠﯿﻒ ٥١ ــــــــــــــــــــــ اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ٧٨٢ أﻟﻒ ﺟﻨﯿﮫ ٧٨٢ أﻟﻒ ﺟﻨﯿﮫ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ذﺑﺢ اﻟﺪﺟﺎﺟﺔ = ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ = ٥.٥٤ ﻗﺮش / اﻟﻄﺎ ﺋﺮ . ٠٠٠٣ طﺎﺋﺮ / ﺳﺎﻋﺔ × ٧ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ × ٠٣ ﯾﻮم اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺬﺑﺢ : Slaughter test ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺔ : ھﺬه اﻻﺳﻌﺎر ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺎم ١٠٠٢ م .

١٤٤ * - At the end of the experiment birds of each treatment, representing the average group weight, were slaughtered in a horizontal position to reduce the antip eristalsis movement to the intestinal segments and regurgitation of the food. The gut was clumped with artery forceps at the end of oesophagus, proventriculus, (Stomach) jejunum, gizzard, duodenum and ileum, then the contents of the stomach, duodenum and j ejunum were separately collected, weight and kept in equal volumes of buffer saline solution. The contents were then individually centrifuged (6000 rpm for 10 min) and the supernatant fluids were decanted and used for the determination of some digestive en zymes activity. Amylase activity was determined by using the method described by Pinchasov and Noy. (1994) lipase activity according to Skalan, et al., (1975) and both Trypsine and Chemotrypsin according to Skalan, and Helevy (1985). Pinchasov, Y. and Y. Noy (1994). Early postnatal amylolysis in the gastrointestinal tract of turkey poults. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 106: 221 - 225. Skalan, D. S. Hurwitz, P. Budowski, and I, Ascarelli (1975). Fat digestion and absorption in chicks fed raw or heated soybean meal . J. Nutr., 105: 57 - 63. Skalan, D. and O. Helevy (1985). Protein digestion and absorption along the ovine gastrointestinal tract. J. Dairy Sci., 68: 1678 - 1681. ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻠﺤﻢ واﻟﻤﺎء اﻟ ﻤ ﻨﻔﺼﻞ : * - Meat tenderness and water holding capacity (WHC) were dete rmined according to the method of volovinskaia and Kelman (1962). Color intensity, as measured by optical density of meat, was determined colorimetrically according to the methods of Husani et al., (1950). While, pH value was measured by pH meter as descri bed by Aitken et al., (1962). ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺪم : * - Blood samples were collected from the ten slaughtered birds in nonheparinized tubes. The blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. and serum obtained was stored at - 20ºC unit analysis. Serum total protein, albumin total lipids, total cholesterol, uric acid, creatinine. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and minerals (calcium and phosphorous) were determined calorimetrically by using available commercial kits purchased from Diamond Diagnostics company. The globulin values were calculated by subtracting the values of albumin from the corresponding values of total protein. Serum concentration of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were determined using commercial enzy me immunoassay test kit purchased from taytec Incorporation (7278 Aldercrest Dr., Mississauga, No. L5N 7N8, Canada). * - Blood sample were collected at 98 d of age from four birds as two of each gender in heparinzed tube and plasma was separated by centrif ugation at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and stored at - 18ºC until analysis Concentration of plasma total protein (Weichselbaum, 1946; Henry et al., 1974), albumin (Doumas et al, 1977) total lipids (Chabrol and Charonnat, 1973), triglycerides (Jacobs and Van Den Mark, 1960; Trinder, 1969), total cholesterol (Waston, 1960), AST and ALT (Retiman, and Frankel, 1957), Calcium

Chabrol and Charonnat, 1973), triglycerides (Jacobs and Van Den Mark, 1960; Trinder, 1969), total cholesterol (Waston, 1960), AST and ALT (Retiman, and Frankel, 1957), Calcium (Sendroy; 1944), phosphorous (Gomorri, 1942) were estimated. Whilst plasma globulin was calculated by subtracting albumin from total protein. V olovinskaia and Kelman (1962). Husani. S. A.; F. B. Deartherage and L. E. Kunlkle (1950). Studies on meat. 11. Observations on relation of biochemical factors to change in tenderness. Feed Technology 4: 366 - 369. Aitken, A; J. C. Casey; I.F Penny and C. A. Volys (1962). Effect of during temperature in the accelerated freeze drying of pork. J. Feed Sci., 13:439. Jakobsen. P.E.; K. Gertov and S.H. Nilsen (1960). Frdjelighed frogmed fierbrae. "Digestibility trails with poultry" Bereting fra for sogslaboriet, Ka benhaven, 56:1 - 34.

٢٤٤ Weichselbaum, T. E. (1946). Methods for determination of total protein in serum blood. America J. Clinical Pathological 16:40. Henry, R. J.; D. C. Cannon and J. W. Winkelman (1974). Clinical Chemistry. Principles and Techniques. 2 nd ed . Harper and Row. Doumas, B. T.; D. Waston and H.G. Biggs (1977). Albumin standards and the measurement of blood albumin with bromocrisol green. Chem. Acta., 31:87. Chabrol, E. and R. Charonnat (1973). Determination of total lipids. Press Medical, 45: 1713 - 1720. Jacobs, N. L. and P. J. Van Den Mark (1960). Archive Biochemistry Biophysiology, 88: 250 - 255. Trinder, P. (1969). Annals clinical Biochemistry. 6:24 - 27. Waston, D. ( 1960). Determination of cholesterol in blood. Chemistry Acta, 5: 637. Retiman, S. and S. Frankel (1957). Calorimetric method for the determination of blood, aminotransferase enzymatic activities. AM. J. Clin. Pathol. 25:56 - 63. Sendroy, J. Jr. (1944). Determination of Calcium in Plasms. J. Biological Chemistry, 152:539. Gomorri, G. ( 194 2). Determination of inorganic phopsphorus in plasma. J. Laboratory Clinical Meolical, 27: 955. * - Serum total protein was determined according to Biuret method (Henery 1964), albumin according to Doumas et al., (1971). Serum globulin was calculated by su btracting albumin from total protein. Serum total lipids was determined according to Knight et al. (1972) and total cholesterol accoding to Watson (1960). Fatty acids were analyzed in oils and egg yolk lipid samples according to Metcalfe et al. (1961) Usin g gas - liquid chromatography technique. Henery R. J. (1964). A calorimetric method for the determination of the total protein. Clinical chemical Harper and row Publisher New York, 1946. Knight, J.; A. Andersonis and J. M. Rawal (1972). Chemical basis of th e sula - phosphate vanillin reaction for estimating totasl serum lipid. J. Biol. Chem., 226 - 497. Doumas, B., W. Waston, and H. Biggs, (1971). Albumin standard and measurements of serum albumin with bromocresol green. Clin. Chem. Acta., 31:87 - 88. Watson D.(1 960).A simple methods for the determination of serum cholesterol.Clinical Chemical,5: 637. Metcalfe, L. D., A. Smitz and Pelka (1961). The rapid preparation of fatty acid esters for gas chromatography. Ann. Chem., 33: 363 - 364. ----------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ : * - The economical efficiency (EEf) : EEf=A - B/B x 100. where A is selling cost of obtained gain (LE per kg) and B is the feeding cost of this gain. The performa nce index (PI) PI= Live body Weight (kg) x 100/Feed conversion. North, M.O. (1981). Commercial chicken. Production Annual. 2 nd edition, Av., Publishing company I.N.C. West post. Connecticut, USA. ) ٢ ( اﻷراﻧﺐ : اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻠﺒﻦ : * - In recent years there is a noticeable improvement of the litter size as a result of genetic selection of commercial strains. However, these strains present a high mortality of litters because of low viability during first days of life, which may be due to deficient thermoregulation

commercial strains. However, these strains present a high mortality of litters because of low viability during first days of life, which may be due to deficient thermoregulation or to an insufficient milk production (Pascual et al., 1999). During lactation period, milk yield of does determines the viability and growth of litters because they almost depend on the maternal milk only during the first 21 days of age (Kowalska

٣٤٤ and Bie lanski, 2004). Moreover, the intensification of reproduction becomes widespread (mating from 1 to 11 days after parturtition), which put more stress on the pregnant and lactating does. In this case, nutrient requirements of reproductive does are very high and voluntary feed intake is often insufficient to supply fetal growth and milk production (FortunLamoth, 1977 and Xiccato et al., 2002), especially under the hot temperature. * - Numerous works tried to increase milk yield by using concentrated energetic d iets, based on increasing the carbohydrate content regardless of the maximal level of starch or minimal level of dietary fiber, which caused an increase in digestive disorders especially in rabbits (Blas and Gidenne, 1998). Previous experiments have shown that fat supplementation in growing rabbit does decreased feed intake, improve DE intake and feed conversion rate, with no significant effect on growth rate (Fernandez and Fraga, 1996 and Bhatt and Swain, 2003). Also, the addition of high fat level in diet s of rabbit does resulted in significant increased milk yield, litters weight gain at weaning and significantly decreased mortality of suckling pups (Pascual et al., 1999; Fernandez et al., 2000 and Kowalska and Bielanski, 2004). Pascual, J. J.; Cervera, C .; Blas, E. and Fernandez - carmona, J. (1999). Effect of high fat diets on the performance, milk yield and milk composition of multiparous rabbit does. Anim. Sci., 68: 151 - 162. Kowalska, D. and Bielanski, P. (2004). Effect of supplemental dietary fat for ra bbits on milk composition and rearing performance of young rabbits. Proc. Of 8 the World Rabbit Congress, Puebla Mexico, pp. 869 - 873. Fortun - Lamoth, L. (1977). Effects of dietary fat on reproductive performance of rabbit does. World Rabbit Sci., 5(1): 33 - 3 8. Xiccato, G.; Trocino, A.; Sartori, A. and Queaque, P. I. (2002). Effect of dietary starch level and source on performance, caecal fermentation and meat quality in growing rabbits. World Rabbit Science, 10 (4): 147 - 157. Blas, E. and Gidenne, T. (1998). Digestion of starch and sugars. In: The Nutrition of the Rabbit. (Edit. De Blas, J.C. and Wiseman, J.), CABI, Wallingford, pp. 17 - 38. Fernandez - Carmona, J. and Fraga, M. J. (1996). The effect of dietary fat inclusion on growth carcass characteristics and c hemical composition of rabbits. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 2088 - 2094. Bhatt, R. S. and Swain, N. (2003). Effect of graded level of fat supplementation on the growth performance in the rabbits. World Rabbit Sci., 11(1): 33 - 40. Fernandez - Carmona, J.; Pascual, J. J. a nd Cervera, C. (2000). The use of fat in rabbit diets. Pro. 7 th World Rabbit Congress, Valencia, Spain. 29 - 59. * - Lactating rabbit does (five per diet) were selected at random and used to measure milk production and milk composition, rabbit does were sepa rated from their pups after parturition. Litter size of eight pups was kept constant throughout lactation and dead pups were replaced daily by pups of a similar weight and age provided from nurse does. Milk production was estimated daily from weight loss o

stant throughout lactation and dead pups were replaced daily by pups of a similar weight and age provided from nurse does. Milk production was estimated daily from weight loss o f rabbit does during suckling. Suckling took place once a day, (around 09.00) in the nest box, for a short period (8 to 10 min). Feed intake of rabbit does was recorded daily and the weight of litters was measured weekly. Litters were weaned at 30 days of age. * - Milk samples were used to determine the effect of fat level on composition of milk and were taken at 7 th , 4 th , 21 st and 28 th day of lactation. Pups were separated from their mothers to prevent suckling for a period of 24 hours before samples coll ection in the morning. Each doe was injected intravenously with 5ml oxytocin to enhance maximum contraction of myoepith cells and milk was collected manually by gently massaging the mammary glands. The milk samples (30 to 40 ml per doe) were obtained from all mammary glands and stored at - 20°C until analysis.