التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة د.اسامه محمد الحسيني

٢٢٤ Mitochondri al cytochrome P - 450 monooxygenase systems catalyze steroidal hydroxylations ﻫـــذﻩ اﻻﻧظﻣـــﺔ ﻣوﺟـــودة ﻓـــﻰ اﻻﻧـــﺳﺟﺔ اﻻﺳـــﯾﺗروﺟﺗﯾك ﻣﺛـــل ﻗـــﺷرة اﻻدرﯾﻧـــﺎل adrenal cortex واﻟﺧـــﺻﯾﻪ testis ، اﻟﻣﺑـــﯾض ovary واﻟﻣـــﺷﯾﻣﺔ placanta وﻫـــﻰ ﺗﺧـــﺗص ﺑﺗﻛـــوﯾن ﻫرﻣوﻧـــﺎت اﻻﺳـــﺗﯾروﯾدات Steriod hormones ﻣـــن اﻟﻛوﻟﯾـــﺳﺗرول ) ﻫﯾدروﻛﺳﯾﻠﻪ ﻓﻰ C 2 O ، C 22 ﻋﻧد ﻛﺳر اﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾﻪ ﻋﻧد 11 B and 18 positions ، ١١ ﺑﯾﺗﺎ ، ٨١ ﻣوﺿﻊ ( . ﻛﻣـــﺎ ان اﻧظﻣـــﺔ اﻟﻛﻠﯾـــﺔ Renal systems ﯾﺣﻔـــز 1 α – and 24 – hydroxylation of 25 - hydroxy cholecalciferol . * - ﻓﻰ اﻟﻛﺑد ﯾﺣﻔز 26 hydroxylation in bile acid biosynthesis . * - ﻓﻰ ﻗﺷرة اﻻدرﯾﻧﺎل ، ﻣﯾﺗوﻛوﻧد﷼ ﺳﯾﺗﻛروم P - 450 ﯾﻛون ﺳﺗﺔ ﻣرات اﻛﺛر ﻣن اﻟﺳﯾﺗوﻛروﻣﺎت ﻟﻠﺳﻠﺳﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ . * - ﻧظﺎم ﻣوﻧو اﻛﺳﺟﯾﻧﯾز ﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن ﺛﻼث ﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﻣوﺿوﻋﺔ ﻓﻰ داﺧل اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟداﺧﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻣﯾﺗوﻛوﻧدرﯾﺎ . - NAD – specific FAD containing flavoprotein . - Fe 2 S 2 protein ( adrenodoxin ). - Cytochrome P - 450 . ﺷـﻛل رﻗـم ) ٦ ٣ (: Mitochondrial cytochrome P . 450 monooxygenase system Fe 2 S 2 . iron - sulfur protein ( adrenodoxin ) not that because NADP ( H ) cannot penetrate the mitochondrial membrane . Sourc es of reducing equivalents are confined to substrates such as malate and isocitrate for which there are intramitochondrial NADP . Specilic dehydrogenases اﻟﺳوﺑر اﻛﺳﯾد اﻷﺻول اﻟﺣرة ﻗد ﺗﺳﺑب ﺳﻣﯾﺔ اﻻوﻛﺳﺟﯾن : The superoxide free radical may account for oxygen t oxicity اﻻﻛـﺳﺟﯾن ﻣــﺎدة ﺳــﺎﻣﺔ ، ﻫـذﻩ اﻟــﺳﻣﯾﺔ ﺗﻌــزى اﻟـﻰ ﺗﻛــوﯾن H 2 O 2 وﺣــدﯾﺛﺎ اﻟﺣﺎﻟـﺔ اﻟﺗــﻰ ﯾﻣﻛــن ان ﯾﺧﺗـزل اﻻﻛــﺳﺟﯾن ﻓــﻰ اﻻﻧــﺳﺟﺔ ً اﻟـﻰ اﻧﯾـون ﺳـوﺑر اﻛـﺳﯾد اﻷﺻـول اﻟﺣـرة The superoxide anion free radical ( O ` 2 ) واﯾـﺿﺎ وﺟـود ً superoxide dismutase ﻓﻰ اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ ) رﻏﻣﺎ ﻋدم اﻟظ ً روف اﻟﻼﻫواﺋﯾﺔ اﻻﺟﺑﺎرﯾﺔ ( ﯾﻘﺗرح ان ﺳﯾﻣﺔ اﻻﻛـﺳﺟﯾن ﺗرﺟـﻊ اﻟـﻰ ﺗﺣوﯾﻠـﻪ اﻟﻰ ﺳوﺑر اﻛﺳﯾد ، وﻣﻊ ذﻟك ﻻ ﯾوﺟد ادﻟﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﻟﺳﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺳوﺑر اﻛﺳﯾد . وﯾﺗﻛون اﻟﺳوﺑر اﻛﺳﯾد ﻋﻧد اﺧﺗزال اﻟﻔﻼﻓﯾﻧﺎت اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻣﺛﺎل ﻓـﻰ اﻟـزاﺛﯾن اﻛـﺳﯾدﯾز ﯾﻌـﺎد اﻷﻛـﺳدة اﺣﺎدﯾـﺔ اﻟﺗﻛـﺎﻓؤ univaletly ﺑﺎﻻﻛـــﺳﺟﯾن اﻟﺟزﺋـــﻰ ، وﻣﻣﻛـــن ﺗﺗﻛـــون ﺧـــﻼل اﻛـــﺳدة اﺣـــﺎدى اﻟﺗﻛـــﺎﻓؤ univalent oxidations ﻣـــﻊ اﻻوﻛـــﺳﺟﯾن اﻟﺟزﺋـــﻰ molecular oxygen ﻓﻰ اﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ . Enzh 2 + O 2 Enzh + O` 2 + H + اﻟﺳوﺑر اﻛﺳﯾد ﻣﻣﻛن ﯾﺧﺗزل اﻟﺳﯾﺗﻛروم C . O` 2 + Cyt c (Fe 3+ ) O 2 + Cyt c (Fe 2+ ) او ﯾزال ﺑوﺟود اﻻﻧزﯾم اﻟﻣﺧﺗص ﺑﺳوﺑر اﻛﺳﯾد دﯾﺳﻣﯾﺗﯾز . O` 2 + O` 2 + 2 H + H 2 O 2 + O 2 ﻓـﻰ ﻫـذا اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋـل ﯾﻌﻣـل اﻟـﺳوﺑر اﻛـﺳﯾد ﻛﻌﺎﻣـل ﻣؤﻛـﺳد واﯾـﺿﺎ ﻋﺎﻣـل ﻣﺧﺗـزل ، وﺗوﺿـ ً ﺢ اﻟﺗـﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟﻛﯾﻣﺎوﯾـﺔ ﻟﻠـﺳوﺑر اﻛـﺳﯾد ﻓـﻰ اﻻﻧـﺳﺟﺔ ﺑﺳﻠـﺳﻠﺔ ﺗﻔـﺎﻋﻼت اﻷﺻـول اﻟﺣـرة Free - redical chain reactions وﻫـﻰ ﺗﻔﺗـرض ان O ` 2 اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟــﺳﯾﺗﻛروم P - 450 ﻣرﻛب وﺳطﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻧﺷﯾط اﻻﻛﺳﺟﯾن ﻓﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻬﯾدروﻛﺳﻠﺔ hydroxylation ٠ Superoxide Dismutase

٣٢٤ ﺷـﻛل رﻗـم ) ٦ ٤ (: Mitochondrial cytochrome P . 450 monooxygenase system Fe 2 S 2 . iron - sulfur protein ( adrenodoxin ) not that because NADP ( H ) cannot penetrate the mitochondrial membrane . Sources of reducing equivalents are confined to substrates such as malate and isocitrate for which there are intramitoc hondrial NADP . Specilic dehydrogenases ﺗﺄﺛﯾر superoxide dismutase ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﺣﻣﺎﯾـﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧـﺎت اﻟﻬواﺋﯾـﺔ ﺿـد اﻟﺗـﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟـﺳﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺳوﺑرﺑﯾروﻛـﺳﯾد ، وﯾوﺟـد اﻻﻧـزﯾم ﻓـﻰ ﻛﺛﯾـر ﻣـن اﻟﻣرﻛﺑـﺎت واﻟﺗراﻛﯾﺑـﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔـﺔ ﻓـﻰ اﻟﺧﻠﯾـﺔ ، وﯾﺗرﻛـب The cytosolic enzyme ﻣـن وﺣـدﺗﯾن ﻣﺗﻣـﺎﺛﻠﺗﯾن ﻛـل وا ﺣـدة ﺗﺣﺗـوى ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣﻛـﺎﻓﺊ واﺣـد ﻣـن Cu 2 - ، Zn 2 - ، ﺑﯾﻧﻣـﺎ اﻧزﯾﻣـﺎت اﻟﻣﯾﺗوﻛوﻧـدرﯾﺎ ﺗﺣﺗـوى ﻋﻠـﻰ Mn 2 - ﻣﺛـل اﻻﻧـزﯾم اﻟﻣوﺟـود ﻓﻰ اﻟﺑﻛﺗرﯾﺎ ٠ وﻫــــــــــذا ﯾؤﻛــــــــــد اﻻﻓﺗــــــــــراض أن اﻟﻣﯾﺗوﻛوﻧــــــــــدرﯾﺎ ﺗﺗطــــــــــور ﻣــــــــــن Prokaryote اﻟﺗــــــــــﻰ ﺗــــــــــدﺧل ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻛﺎﻓــــــــــل symbiosis ﻣــــــــــﻊ Protoceukaryote . ﯾوﺟـد اﻧـزﯾم The dismutase ﻓـﻰ ﺟﻣﯾـ ﻊ اﻻﻧـﺳﺟﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾـﺔ اﻟﻛﺑـرى ، رﻏـم ﺗﻌـرﯾض اﻟﺣﯾواﻧـﺎت ﻟﺟـو ﯾﺣﺗـوى ٠٠١ % اﻛـﺳﺟﯾن ﺑــﺳﺑب اﻗﻠﻣــﺔ زاﺋــدة ﻟﻸﻧــزﯾم ، ﺧﺎﺻــﺔ ﻓــﻰ اﻟــرﺋﺗﯾن ، واﻟﺗﻌــرض اﻟطوﯾــل ﯾــؤدى ﻟﺗــدﻣﯾر وﺗﻠــف اﻟرﺋــﺔ واﻟوﻓــﺎة ، وﺗﻌﻣــل ﻣــﺿﺎدات اﻻﻛﺳدة ﻣﺛل اﻟﻔﺎﺗوﻛوﻓﯾرول ) ﻓﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾن ﻫـ ( ﻛﻌﺎﻣل اﻧﻘﺎذ ﻣن اﻷﺻول اﻟﺣرة ﻣﺛل O 2 - وﺗﻘ ﻠل ﺳﻣﯾﺔ اﻻﻛﺳﺟﯾن ٠ ٤ ﻧﻘﺎط رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﺗوﺟز اﻻﻛﺳدة اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ : 4 - major pointe summarize biologic oxidation ١ - ﻓـــﻰ اﻻﻧظﻣـــﺔ اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾـــﺔ ﻣﺛـــل اﻻﻧظﻣـــﺔ اﻟﻛﯾﻣﺎوﯾـــﺔ ﻻﺑـــد وداﺋﻣـــﺎ ﺗـــﺻﺎﺣب اﻻﻛـــﺳدة ً ) ﻓﻘـــد اﻟﻛﺗروﻧـــﺎت ( اﻻﺧﺗـــزال ) ﻣـــﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﻛﺗروﻧﺎت ( ٠ ٢ - Oxidoreductases ﺗﻘﺳم اﻟﻰ ٤ ﻣ ﺟﻣوﻋﺎت : Oxidases, dehydrogenases, hydroperoxidases and oxyenases. ٣ - اﻧزﯾﻣﺎت اﻻوﻛﺳﯾدﯾز واﻟﻬﯾدروﺟﯾﻧﯾز ﻟﻬﺎ ادوار ﻣﺗﻧوﻋﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾل اﻟﻐذاﺋﻰ وﻛﻼﻫﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻌب دورا ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ًً ٠ ٤ - اﻧزﯾﻣــــﺎت اﻟﻬﯾدروﺑﯾروﻛــــﺳﯾدﯾز ﺗﺣﻣــــﻰ اﻟﺟــــﺳم ﺿــــد اﻟﺗﻠــــف ﺑﺎﻷﺻــــول اﻟﺣــــرة واﻧزﯾﻣــــﺎت اﻛــــﺳ ﺟﯾﻧﯾز وﺳــــﯾط ﻓــــﻰ ﺗﻔــــﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻬﯾدروﻛﺳﻠﺔ ﻟﻸدوﯾﺔ ٠

٤٢٤ رؤﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﯿﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺰم اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻮﺳﻄﯿﺔ Overview of intermediary metabolism ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ : Introduction ﻣـﺻﯾر ﻣﻛوﻧــﺎت اﻟﻐـذاء ﺑﻌــد ﻋﻠﯾــﺎت اﻟﻬـﺿم واﻻﻣﺗــﺻﺎص ﺗﻛـوﯾن ﻣرﻛﺑــﺎت ﺗﻣﺛﯾــل وﺳـطﯾﺔ intermediary metabolism ، وﺗﺷﻣل encopasses ﻣدى او ﻣﺟﺎل واﺳﻊ ﻟﯾس ﻓﻘط اﻟﺑﺣث ﻓﻰ وﺻف ﻣﺳﺎرات اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾل ﻟﻠﺟزﯾﺋﺎت ﻣﻧﻔردة ﺑﺎ اﯾـﺿﺎ ﻣﺣـﺎوﻻت ً ﻟﻔﻬـــم ﻋﻼﻗﺗﻬـــﺎ وﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﯾـــﺔ ﺗﻧظـــﯾم ﺗـــدﻓق اﻟﻣـــواد اﻟﻣﻣﺛﻠـــﺔ ﺧـــﻼل اﻟﻣـــﺳﺎرات اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔـــﺔ ، وﺗﻘـــﻊ ﻣـــﺳﺎرات اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾـــل ﻓـــﻰ ﺛـــﻼث ﻧﻣـــﺎذج Categories : ﺷﻛل رﻗم ) ٦ ٥ ( ) ١ ( ﻣﺳﺎرات اﻟﺑﻧﺎء : Anabolic pathw ays وﺗﺗﺿﻣن ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﺳم ﺳواء ﻓﻰ ﺗرﻛﯾﺑﺔ او ﺣرﻛﺗـﻪ وﻣﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﻛـوﯾن اﻟﺑـروﺗﯾن واﻟطﺎﻗـﺔ اﻟﺣـرة اﻟﻼزﻣـﺔ ﻟﻬـذﻩ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾـﺎت واﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻣن اﻟﻧﻣوذج او اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻰ ٠ ) ٢ ( ﻣﺳﺎرات اﻟﻬدم : Catabolic pathways وﺗﺷﻣل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻻﻛﺳدة اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗطﻠق طﺎﻗﺔ ﺣرة ﻓﻰ ﺻورة ﻓوﺳﻔﺎت ﻋﺎﻟ ﻰ اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ او ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺋﺎت اﻻﺧﺗزال ، ﻣﺛل اﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ واﻻﻛﺳدة اﻟﻔوﺳﻔورﯾﺔ ٠ ) ٣ ( ﻣﺳﺎرات اﻣﻔﯾﺑوﻟﯾﻪ : Amphibolic pathways ﻟﻬــﺎ اﻛﺛــر ﻣــن ﺗــﺄﺛﯾر واﺣــد وﺗﺣــدث ﻓــﻰ ﻣــﺳﺎرات ﻓرﻋﯾــﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎطﻌــﺔ ﻣــﻊ اﻟﻣــﺳﺎرات اﻟرﺋﯾــﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻣﺛﯾــل وﺗﻌﻣــل ﻛــراﺑط ﺑــﯾن اﻟﻣــﺳﺎرات اﻟﺑﻧﺎء واﻟﻬدم ﻣﺛل دورة ﺣﻣض اﻟ ﺳﺗرﯾك ٠ اﻻﻫﻣﯾﺔ اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ : Biomedical importance ﻣﻌرﻓــﺔ اﻟﻣﯾﺗــﺎﺑوﻟﯾزم ﻓــﻰ اﻟﺣﯾــوان اﻟﻌــﺎدى ﺷــرط او ﻣﺗطﻠــب a prerequisite ﻟﻔﻬــم اﻟﻌدﯾــد ﻣــن اﻟﺣــﺎﻻت اﻟﺧﺎﺻــﺔ ، واﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾــل اﻟﻌﺎدى ﯾﺷﻣل اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات واﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓـﺎت واﻻﻗﻠﻣـﺔ ﻓـﻰ اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾـل واﻟراﺟـﻊ اﻟـﻰ ﻓﺗـرات اﻟـﺻﯾﺎم واﻻﺟﻬـﺎد واﻟﺣﻣـل و اﻟرﺿـﺎﻋﺔ ، واﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾـل ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻰ ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﻣن اﻟﻧﻘص اﻟﻐذاﺋﻰ وﻧﻘص اﻻﻧزﯾﻣﺎت واﻻﻓراز ﻏﯾـر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌـﻰ ﻟﻠﻬرﻣوﻧـﺎت ، وأﻫـم ﻣﺛـﺎل ﻟﻠﻣـرض اﻟﻧـﺎﺗﺞ ﻣـن اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾل ﻏﯾر اﻟﻌﺎدى ﻣرض a metabolic disease ﻣرض اﻟﺳﻛر diabetes mellitus . ﻣﺳﺎرات اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾل اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻻﻧﺗﺎج ﻧواﺗﺞ اﻟﻬﺿم اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ : T he basic metabolic pathways process the major products of digestion : ﯾﺣدد طﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﻐذاء اﻟﻧﻣوذج اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻓـﻰ اﻻﻧـﺳﺟﺔ ، ﺗﺣﺗـﺎج اﻟﺛـدﯾﯾﺎت ﻣﺛـل اﻻﻧـﺳﺎن ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾـﺔ اﻣﺗـﺻﺎص ﻧـواﺗﺞ اﻟﻬـﺿم اﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾدرات – دﻫون – ﺑـروﺗﯾن اﻟﻐـذاء وﻫـذﻩ ﻏﺎﻟﺑـﺎ ﺟﻠوﻛـوز واﺣﻣـﺎض دﻫﻧﯾـﻪ وﺟﻠﯾـﺳرول ً واﺣﻣـﺎض اﻣﯾﻧﯾـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﺗرﺗﯾـب ﻓـﻰ اﻟﻣﺟﺗرات ) واﻟﻰ ﻣدى اﻗل اﻟﻌﺷﺑﯾﺎت اﻻﺧرى herbivores ( ، ﺗﻬﺿم ﺳﻠﯾﻠوز اﻟﻌﻠﯾﻘﺔ ﺑﻣﻌﺎﯾﺷﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﺑﺎدل ﻣﻧﻔﻌـﺔ او اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻓل Symbiotic اﻟﻰ اﻻﺣﻣﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾﺔ ﻗـﺻﯾرة اﻟﺳﻠـﺳﻠﺔ اﻟﻛرﺑوﻧﯾـﺔ ) ﺣﻣـض اﻟﺧﻠﯾـك ، ﺑروﺑﯾوﻧـك ، ﺑﯾوﺗرﯾـك ( ، وﺗﺗـﺄﻗﻠم

٥٢٤ ﺗﻣﺛﯾل اﻻﻧﺳﺟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت ﻻﺳﺗﺧدام اﻻﺣﻣـﺎض اﻟدﻫﯾﻧـﺔ ﻗـﺻﯾرة اﻟﺳﻠـﺳﻠﺔ ﻛــ Major substrates ، ﺟﻣﯾـﻊ ﻫـذﻩ ﻧـواﺗﺞ ﻫﺿم ﺗﺧﺿﻊ Processed ﻟﻣﺳﺎراﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟـﻰ اﻟﻧـواﺗﺞ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾـﺔ Acetyl COA ﺣﯾـث ﺗﺗﺄﻛـﺳد ﻛﻠﯾـﺔ ﺑواﺳـطﺔ دورة ﺣﻣض اﻟﺳﺗرﯾك ٠ ﺷﻛل رﻗم ) ٦ ٦ ( ﺗﻣﺛﯾل اﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾدر ات ﯾﺧﺗص ﺑﻘدر اﻟﺟﻠوﻛوز : Carbohydrate metabolism is concerused with the fate of glucose ﯾﺗﻣﺛــــــل اﻟﺟﻠوﻛــــــوز اﻟــــــﻰ ﺑﯾروﻓــــــﺎت وﻻﻛﺗــــــﺎت ﻓــــــﻰ ﺟﻣﯾــــــﻊ ﺧﻼﯾــــــﺎ اﻟﺛــــــدﯾﯾﺎت ﺑواﺳــــــطﺔ ﻣــــــﺳﺎر دورة glycolysis ، واﻟﻔـــــــﺳﻔرة phosphorylation ﺿــــرورﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﻠوﻛـــــوز ﻟﻠــــدﺧول ﻓـــــﻰ ﻫـــــذا اﻟﻣــــﺳﺎر وﺗﺣـــــدث دورة glycol ysis ﻓــــﻰ ﻏﯾـــــﺎب اﻻوﻛـــــﺳﺟﯾن ) ﻻﻫــواﺋﻰ ( ، ﻋﻧــدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛــون اﻟﻧــﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻧﻬــﺎﺋﻰ ﻫــو اﻟﻼﻛﺗــﺎت ﻓﻘــط ، واﻻﻧــﺳﺟﺔ اﻟﺗــﻰ ﻣــن اﻟﻣﻣﻛــن ان ﺗــﺳﺗﺧدم اﻻﻛــﺳﺟﯾن ) ﻫــواﺋﻰ ( ﺗﻛون ﻗـﺎدرة ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺗﻣﺛﯾـل اﻟﺑﯾروﻓـﺎت اﻟـﻰ اﺳـﺗﯾل COA اﻟﺗـﻰ ﯾﻣﻛـن ان ﺗـدﺧل دورة ﺣﻣـض اﻟـﺳﺗرﯾك ﻟﻸﻛـﺳدة اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠـﺔ اﻟـﻰ ﺛـﺎﻧﻰ اﻛﺳﯾد اﻟﻛرﺑون واﻟﻣـﺎء ﻣـﻊ ﺗﺣرﯾـر طﺎﻗـﺔ ﺣـرة ﻛﺛﯾـرة ﻣﺛـل ATP ﻓـﻰ ﻋﻣﻠﯾـﺔ اﻻﻛـﺳدة اﻟﻔوﺳـﻔورﯾﺔ ، وﯾﻌﺗﺑـر اﻟﺟﻠوﻛـوز ﻫـو اﻟوﻗـود اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻻﻧﺳﺟﺔ ﻛﺛﯾرة ، وﻟﻛن ﯾﺷﺎرك ﻓﻰ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﺧرى : ) ١ ( ﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﻰ ﻣﺧزوﻧﻪ ﻣن اﻟﺑﻠﻣرة ، ﺟﻠﯾﻛوﺟﯾن ، ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﺿﻼت واﻟﻛﺑد ٠ ) ٢ ( دورة ﻓوﺳــﻔﺎت اﻟﺑﻧﺗــوز واﻟﺗــﻰ ﺗــﺗم ﻣــن اﻟﻣرﻛ ﺑــﺎت اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾــﺔ اﻟوﺳــطﯾﺔ ﻓــﻰ دورة اﻟﺟﻠﯾﻛوﻟﯾــﺳﯾس glycolysis وﻫــﻰ ﻣــﺻدر ﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺋﺎت اﻻﺧﺗزال ) 2 H ( ﻟﻠﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺣﯾوى ﻟﻸﺣﻣﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾﺔ وﻫو أﯾﺿﺎ ﻣﺻدر ﻟﻠرﯾﺑوز وﻫـو ﻫـﺎم ﻓـﻰ ﺗﻛـوﯾن اﻟﻧﯾﻛﻠوﺗﯾـد ً واﻻﺣﻣﺎض اﻟﻧووﯾﺔ ٠ ) ٣ ( ﺗرﯾوزﻓوﺳـﻔﺎت ﯾﻌطـﻰ ﺟزﺋـﻰ ﻟﻠﺟﻠﯾـﺳرول ﻟﻸﻛﯾـل ﺟﻠﯾـﺳرول gives rise to gly cerol moiety of a cylglycerols ( fat ) ٠ ) ٤ ( اﻟﺑﯾروﻓـــﺎت واﻟﻣرﻛﺑـــﺎت اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾـــﺔ اﻟوﺳـــطﯾﺔ ﻓـــﻰ دورة ﺣﻣـــض اﻟـــﺳﺗرﯾك ﺗﻌطـــﻰ اﻟﻬﯾﻛـــل او اﻟﺗراﻛﯾـــب اﻟﻛرﺑوﻧﯾـــﺔ ﻓـــﻰ ﺗﻛـــوﯾن اﻻﺣﻣــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾــﺔ ، وﺗﻌﺗﺑــر اﺳــﺗﯾل COA ﻫــﻰ اﻻﺳــﺎس اﻟﺑﻧــﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻸﺣﻣــﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾــﺔ ذات اﻟﺳﻠــﺳﺔ اﻟﻛرﺑوﻧﯾــﺔ اﻟطوﯾﻠــﺔ واﻟﻛوﻟﯾﺳﺗرول واﻟذى ﯾﻌﺗﺑر the precursor ﻓﻰ ﺗﻛوﯾن ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻻﺳﺗﯾروﻻت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﺳم ٠ ﯾﺧﺗص ﺗﻣﺛﯾل اﻟدﻫون اﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﻣﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻛوﻟﯾﺳﺗرول ً : Lipid metabolism is concermed mainly with fatty acids and cholesterol : ﻣـﺻدر اﻻﺣﻣـﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾـﺔ ذات اﻟﺳﻠـﺳﻠﺔ اﻟﻛرﺑوﻧﯾـﺔ اﻟطوﯾﻠـﺔ ﺗﻛـون اﻣـﺎ de novo synthesis ﻣـن اﺳـﺗﯾل COA اﻟﻧـﺎﺗﺞ ﻣـن اﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾـدرات ، او ﻣـن دﻫـن اﻟﻐـذاء ، وﻓـﻰ اﻻﻧـﺳﺟﺔ ﻗـد ﺗﺗﺄﻛـﺳد اﻻﺣﻣـﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾـﺔ اﻟـﻰ اﺳـﺗﯾل COA ) ﺑﯾﺗـﺎ – اﻛـﺳدة β –

٦٢٤ oxidation ( او ﯾﺣــدث ﻟﻬــﺎ اﺳـــﺗرة اﻟــﻰ acylglycerols ﺣﯾـــث triacylglycerol ﺛﻼﺛــﻰ اﻛﯾــل اﻟﺟﻠﯾـــﺳرول ) اﻟــدﻫن ( ﻫـــو اﻟﻣﺧزون اﻟرﺋﯾﺳ ﻰ ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﺳم the body ` s main calories reserve ٠ ﺷﻛل رﻗم ) ٦ ٧ ( وﺗﺗﻛون اﺳﺗﯾل COA ﻣن β – oxidation وﻟﻬﺎ اﻫﻣﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة : ) ١ ( ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻧﺗﺎج اﺳﺗﯾل COA ﻣن اﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾدرات ﻓﻬﻰ ﺗﺗﺄﻛﺳد ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻰ CO 2 + H 2 O ﺧﻼل دورة ﺣﻣض اﻟﺳﺗرﯾك ، ﺗﻧــﺗﺞ اﻻﺣﻣــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾــﺔ طﺎﻗــﺔ ﺑﻘــدر ﻣﻘﺑــول ﻓــﻰ ﻋﻣﻠﯾــﺔ β – oxidation ودورة ﺣﻣــض اﻟــﺳﺗرﯾك وﺑﺎﻟﺗــﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻬــﻰ وﻗــود اﻧﺳﺟﺔ ﻣؤﺛر ﺟدا ً ٠ ) ٢ ( ﻫﻰ ﻣﺻدر ذرات اﻟﻛرﺑون ﻓﻰ اﻟﻛوﻟﯾﺳﺗرول ﻻﻻﺳﺗﯾروﻻت اﻻﺧرى ٠ ) ٣ ( ﻓﻰ اﻟﻛﺑد ﺗﻧﺗﺞ اﺳﯾﺗو اﺳﺗﺎت اﺳﺎس اﻻﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﯾﺗوﻧﯾـﺔ Ketone body وﺗﻌﺗﺑـر اﻻﺟـﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﯾﺗوﻧﯾـﺔ ﺑـداﺋل وﻗـود اﻻﻧـﺳﺟ ﺔ اﻟذاﺋﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺎء water soluble tissue fuels واﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﻣﺻدر ﻫﺎم ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟظروف اﻟﻣؤﺛرة ﻣﺛل اﻟﺟـوع ٠ ﺗﻣﯾﺛل اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻻﺣﻣﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﯾﺷﻣل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻧﻘل ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻻﻣﯾن : Much of amino acid metabolism involves transamination : اﻻﺣﻣــــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾــــﺔ ﺿــــرورﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﻛــــوﯾن اﻟﺑــــروﺗﯾن ، ﺑﻌــــﺿﻬﺎ ﻻﺑــــد ﻣــــن اﻻﻣــــداد ﺑﻬــــﺎ ﺧﺎﺻــــﺔ ﻓــــﻰ اﻟﻐــــذاء ) اﻻﺣﻣــــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾــــﺔ اﻟــﺿرورﯾﺔ ( ، ﺣﯾــث اﻻﻧــﺳﺟﺔ ﻏﯾــر ﻗــﺎدرة ﻟﺗﻛوﯾﻧﻬــﺎ ، واﻟﺑــﺎﻗﻰ ) اﻷﺣﻣــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾــﺔ ﻏﯾــر اﻟــﺿرورﯾﺔ ( ﺗﻌطــﻰ اﯾــﺿﺎ ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻐــذاء ً وﻟﻛن ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن ﺗﻛوﯾﻧﻬﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟوﺳطﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻧﻘل ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻻﻣﯾن ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻧﺗروﺟﯾن اﻻﻣﯾﻧﻰ اﻟزاﺋدة اﻻﺧرى ، وﺑﻌد ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ازاﻟﺔ اﻻﻣﯾن ﯾزال ﻧﺗروﺟﯾن اﻣﯾﻧﻰ ﻛﺛﯾر ﻓـﻰ ﺻـورة ﯾورﯾـﺎ ، واﻟﻬﯾﻛـل اﻟﻛرﺑـوﻧﻰ اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘـﻰ ﺑﻌـد ﻋﻣﻠﯾـﺔ ﻧﻘل اﻻﻣﯾن : ) ١ ( ﯾؤﻛﺳد اﻟﻰ CO 2 ﺧﻼل دورة ﺣﻣض اﻟﺳﺗرﯾك ٠ ) ٢ ( ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﺟﻠوﻛوز ) gluconeogenesis ( ٠ ) ٣ ( ﺗﻛ وﯾن اﺟﺳﺎم ﻛﯾﺗوﻧﯾﺔ Ketone bodies ٠

٧٢٤ ﺷﻛل رﻗم ) ٦ ٨ ( ﺑﺎﻻﺿــﺎﻓﺔ اﻟــﻰ اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟــﺎت ﻟﻸﺣﻣــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾــﺔ ﻻﻧﺗــﺎج وﺗﻛــوﯾن اﻟﺑــروﺗﯾن ﻓــﺎن اﻻﺣﻣــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾــﺔ ﺗﻛــون Precursors ﻟﻠﻌدﯾــد ﻣن اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ اﻻﺧرى ﻣﺛل اﻟﺑﯾورﯾﻧﺎت ، ﺑرﯾﻣﯾدﯾﻧﺎت ، اﻟﻬرﻣوﻧﺎت ﻣﺛل اﺑﯾﻧﻔرﯾن واﻟﺛﯾروﻛﺳﯾن ٠ ﻗد ﺗدر س اﻟﻣﺳﺎرات اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻧظوﻣﺔ : Metabolic pathways may be studies at different level of organization: داﺋﻣﺎ ﻧﻧظر ﻟﻠﺗﻣﺛﯾل اﻟﻐذاﺋﻰ وﺣدوﺛﻪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻛﺎﺋن ﻛﻛل ، وﯾظﻬر ﻣﻛﺎن وﺗﻛﺎﻣل اﻟﻣﺳﺎرات اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﺑدراﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻻدﻧﻰ ﻓﻰ ً اﻟﻣﻧظوﻣﺔ ﻣﺛﺎل ذ ﻟك : ) ١ ( ﻣــﺳﺗوى اﻟﻧــﺳﯾﺞ او اﻟﻌــﺿو – ﯾــﺗم ﻣﻌرﻓــﺔ طﺑﯾﻌــﺔ اﻟﻣــﺎدة اﻟداﺧﻠــﺔ واﻟﻣرﻛﺑــﺎت اﻟوﺳــطﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾــﺔ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟــﺔ ﻣــن اﻻﻧــﺳﺟﺔ او اﻻﻋﺿﺎء واﯾﺿﺎ ﯾوﺻف ﻛﻣﯾﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ً ٠ ) ٢ ( ﻋﻠـــــﻰ ﻣـــــﺳﺗوى اﻗـــــل Sub cellular – ﻛـــــل ﺧﻠﯾـــــﺔ اﻣـــــﺎ ﻋـــــﺿوﯾﺔ ) he mitochondrion ( او ﺟـــــزء ﻣـــــﺳﺗﻘل Compartment ) the cy tosol ( ﺗﻠﻌب دور ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﺗﻛوﯾن ﺟزء ﻣن اﻟﻧﻣوذج sub cellular ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎرات اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﻧﺳﯾﺞ او اﻟﻌﺿو – ﺗﺗﻛﺎﻣل ﺗﻣﺛﯾل اﻟدورة اﻟدﻣوﯾﺔ : At the tissue and organ level the blood circulation integrates metabolism: اﻻﺣﻣــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾــﺔ Amino Acids اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟــﺔ ﻣــن ﻫــﺿ م ﺑــروﺗﯾن اﻟﻐــذاء وﻛــذﻟك اﻟﺟﻠوﻛــوز اﻟﻧــﺎﺗﺞ ﻣــن ﻫــﺿم اﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾــدرات ﺗــﺷﺎرك ﻓــﻰ اﻟطرﯾــق اﻟﻌــﺎدى ﻟﻼﻣﺗــﺻﺎص ﺧــﻼل اﻟورﯾــد اﻟﺑــﺎﺑﻰ اﻟﻛﺑــدى the hepatic portal vein ، وﻫــذا ﯾؤﻛــد ان ﻛــﻼ ﻫﺎذان اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟوﺳطﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﺔ وﻧواﺗﺞ اﻟﻬﺿم اﻟذاﺋﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺎء اﻻﺧرى ﺗﺗوﺟﻪ اوﻟﯾﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻛﺑد ً ٠

٨٢٤ ﺷﻛر رﻗم ) ٦ ٩ ( اﻟﻛﺑد ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯾر وﻓﻌل ﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠـﻰ ﻣﺑـدﺋﻰ ﻟﺗﻧظـﯾم ﺗرﻛﯾـز اﻟـدم ﻣـن ﻣﻌظـم اﻟﻣرﻛﺑـﺎت اﻟوﺳـطﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾـﺔ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ اﻟﺟﻠوﻛـوز واﻻﺣﻣـﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾـﺔ ، ﻓـﻰ ﺣـﺎﻟﻰ اﻟﺟﻠوﻛـوز ﯾــﺻل اﻟـﻰ ذﻟـك ﺑـﺳﺣب ﻛﻣﯾـﺔ ﺟﻠوﻛــوز زاﺋـد وﯾﺣوﻟـﻪ اﻟـﻰ ﺟﻠﯾﻛـوﺟﯾن ) glycogensis ( او اﻟــﻰ دﻫن ) lipogenosis ( ٠ ﺑﯾن اﻟوﺟ ﺑﺎت ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﺗرﻛﯾز ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺧﺎزن اﻟﺟﻠﯾﻛوﺟﯾن ﻟزﯾﺎدة ﻣـﺳوى اﻟﺟﻠوﻛـوز ﻓـﻰ اﻟـدم ) glycogenolysis ( او ﯾـﺻﺎﺣب ﻣـﻊ اﻟﻛﻠﯾـــﺔ ﻟﺗﺣوﯾـــل ﻣرﻛﺑـــﺎت وﺳـــطﯾﺔ ﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾـــﺔ ﻏﯾـــر ﻛرﺑوﻫﯾدراﺗﯾـــﺔ ﻣﺛـــل اﻟﻼﻛﺗـــﺎت واﻟﺟﻠﯾـــﺳرول واﻻﺣﻣـــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾـــﺔ اﻟـــﻰ اﻟﺟﻠوﻛـــوز ) gluconeogensis ( ٠ اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗرﻛﯾز ﻣﻧﺎﺳب ﻣـن ﺟﻠوﻛـوز ا ﻟـدم ﺣﯾـوى ﻟﻸﻧـﺳﺟﺔ وﻫـﻰ ﺷـﺊ اﺟﺑـﺎرى ﻣﺛـل اﻟﻣـﺦ وﻛـرات اﻟدم اﻟﺣﻣراء ، واﻟﻛﺑد ﻟﻬـﺎ اﯾـﺿﺎ دور ﻓـﻰ ﺗﻛـوﯾن ﺑروﺗﯾﻧـﺎت اﻟﺑﻼزﻣـﺎ اﻻﺳﺎﺳـﯾﺔ ً ) ﻣﺛـل اﻻﻟﺑﯾـوﻣﯾن ( وﻋﻣﻠﯾـﺔ ازاﻟـﺔ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋـﺔ اﻻﻣـﯾن ﻟﻼﺣﻣﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾﺔ اﻟزاﺋدة ﻋن اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت وﺗﻛوﯾن ﯾورﯾﺎ واﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﻧﺗﻘل ﺧﻼل اﻟدم اﻟﻰ اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﺧراج ٠ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻌﺿﻼت skeletal muscle ﺟﻠوﻛوز ﻛوﻗود وﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﻻﻛﺗـﺎت ، CO 2 ٠ وﺗﺧـزن اﻟﺟﻠﯾﻛـوﯾﺟن ﻛوﻗـود ﻟﻼﺳـﺗﺧدام ﻋﻧـد اﻧﻘﺑﺎض اﻟﻌـﺿﻼت وﺗﻛـوﯾن ﺑروﺗﯾﻧـﺎت اﻟﻌـﺿﻼت ﻣـن اﻻﺣﻣـﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾـﺔ ﻓـﻰ اﻟﺑﻼزﻣـﺎ ، وﺗﻘـدر اﻟﻌـﺿﻼت ﺑﺣـواﻟﻰ ٠٥ % ﻣـن ﻛﺗﻠــﺔ اﻟﺟــﺳم وﺑﺎﻟﺗــﺎﻟﻰ ﯾﻣﺛــل ﻣﺧــزون ﺑــروﺗﯾن ﻣﻧﺎﺳــب ﻣﻣﻛــن اﺳــﺗﺧ داﻣﻪ ﻻﻣــداد اﻟﺑﻼزﻣــﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﻣــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾــﺔ ﺧﺎﺻــﺔ ﻋﻧــد ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ اﻟﻧﻘص اﻟﻐذاﺋﻰ ٠ اﻟﻠﯾﺑﯾدات Lipids ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﻣن اﻟﻬﺿم ﻣوﻧواﻛﯾل ﺟﻠﯾﺳروﻻت monoacylglycerols واﻻﺣﻣﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾﺔ ، وﻫذﻩ ﯾﻌﺎد اﺗﺣﺎدﻫـﺎ ﻓــﻰ ﺧﻼﯾــﺎ اﻻﻣﻌــﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘــﺔ ﻣــﻊ اﻟﺑــروﺗﯾن وﺗﻔــرز اﺳﺎﺳــﺎ اﻟــﻰ اﻟﻧظــﺎم اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔــﺎوى ً Lymphatic s ystem واﻟــﻰ اﻟــدورة اﻟدﻣوﯾــﺔ ﻛﻠﯾﺑــوﺑروﺗﯾن ﯾﻌــرف ﺑـــ chylomicron ٠ ﺟﻣﯾــﻊ hydrophobic وﻧــواﺗﺞ اﻟﻬــﺿم اﻟذاﺋﺑــﺔ ﻓــﻰ اﻟــدﻫون ) ﻣﺛــل اﻟﻛوﻟﯾــﺳﺗرول ( ﺗﻧﺗﺞ اﻟﻠﯾﺑوﺑروﺗﯾﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺳﻬل ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﯾن اﻻﻧﺳﺟﺔ ﻓﻰ ظروف ﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﺑﻼزﻣﺎ ٠

٩٢٤ ﺷﻛل رﻗم ) ٠٧ ( وﻋﻠــﻰ ﻏﯾــر اﻟﺟﻠوﻛــوز واﻻﺣﻣــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾــﺔ ، ﻻ ﺗــﺳﺣب ﻣــن اﻟﻛﺑــد Chylomicron triacyl glycerol وﺗﻣﺛــل ﺑواﺳــطﺔ extrahepatic tissues ﻟﺗـــوﻓﯾر اﻧـــزﯾم Lipoprotein lipase واﻟـــذى ﯾﺣﻠـــل triacylglycerol وﺗﻧطﻠـــق وﺗﺗﺣـــرر اﻻﺣﻣﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾـﺔ اﻟﺗـﻰ ﺗـرﺗﺑط ﻓـﻰ ﻟﯾﺑﯾـدات اﻻﻧـﺳﺟﺔ او ﺗﺗﺄﻛـﺳد ﻛوﻗـود ، واﻟﻣـﺻدر اﻟرﺋﯾـﺳﻰ اﻻﺧـرى ﻟﻼﺣﻣـﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾـﺔ ذ ات ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻛرﺑوﻧﯾﺔ طوﯾﻠﺔ ﺗﺗﻛون ﻣن اﻟﻛرﺑوﻫﯾدرات ) lipogenesis ( واﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻻﻧﺳﺟﺔ اﻟﺿﺎﻣﺔ ً adipose tissue واﻟﻛﺑد ٠ Adipos tissue triacyl glucerol ﻫـو اﺣﺗﯾـﺎطﻰ اﻟوﻗـود اﻻﺳﺎﺳـﻰ ﻓـﻰ اﻟﺟـﺳم ، وﯾﻌﻘـب اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾـل ) Lipolysis ( ﺗﺗﺣـرر اﻻﺣﻣﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟدورة اﻟدﻣوﯾﺔ ﻛﺄﺣﻣﺎض دﻫﻧﯾﺔ ﺣرة ، وﯾﺗم ﺳﺣﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﻣﻌظم اﻻﻧﺳﺟﺔ ) ﻟﯾس اﻟﻣﺦ او ﻛرات اﻟدم اﻟﺣﻣراء ( وﯾﺗم اﺳﺗرﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ acylglyserol او اﻛﺳدﺗﻬﺎ ﻛوﻗود رﺋﯾﺳﻰ اﻟﻰ CO 2 . ﯾﺣدث ﻣﺳﺎران ﻫﺎﻣﺎن ﻓﻰ اﻟﻛﺑد : ) ١ ( Triacyl glycerol اﻟزﯾـــﺎدة ﻣـــن ﻛـــﻼ ﻣـــن ً Lipogenesis واﻻﺣﻣـــﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾـــﺔ اﻟﺣـــرة ، ﺗﻔـــرز ﻓـــﻰ اﻟـــدورة اﻟدﻣ وﯾـــﺔ ﻛﻠﯾﺑـوﺑروﺗﯾن ﻗﻠﯾـل ﺟـدا اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓـﺔ ً Very low density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) وﻫـذﻩ Triacyl glycerol ﺗــﺻل ﻟﻘدر ﻣﻣﺎﺛل ﻟﻠـ chylomicrons ٠ ) ٢ ( اﻛﺳدة ﺟزﯾﺋﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﻣﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺣرة ﺗؤدى اﻟﻰ اﻧﺗﺎج اﺟﺳﺎم ﻛﯾﺗوﻧﯾﺔ ) Ketogenesis ( . ﻫذﻩ اﻻﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﯾﺗوﻧﯾـﺔ ﺗﻧﺗﻘـل extrahepatic tissu es ﺣﯾث ﺗﻌﻣل ﻛﻣﺻدر رﺋﯾﺳﻰ آﺧر ﻟﻠوﻗود . ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى ﺗﺣت اﻟﺧﻠوى – دورة اﻟﺟﻠﯾﻛوﻟﯾﺳﯾس ﻓﻰ اﻟﺳﯾﺗوﺳول ودورة ﺣﻣض اﻟﺳﺗرﯾك ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﯾﺗوﻛوﻧدرﯾﺎ : At the sub cellular level, glycolysis is found in the cytosol and the citiric acid cycle in the mitochondria : ﻣﻌظم اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﺗﺗ ﺧﺻص ﻓﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﯾراﺗﻬﺎ وﺗﻣﯾل اﻟﻰ ﺗﻔـﺳﯾر اﻟﻣـﺳﺎرات اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾـﺔ وﺗﻧظـﯾم اﻟﻣـﺳﺎرات اﻷﺧـرى ﻓـﻰ اﻟﺧﻼﯾـﺎ اﻟﺑراﻧـﺷﯾﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻛﺑد وﺗﻔﺳﯾر ﺧﺎص ﻟﻣوﻗﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﺧﻠوى . واﻟـــدور اﻟﻣرﻛـــزى ﻟﻠﻣﯾﺗوﻛوﻧـــدرﯾﺎ Mitochonderia ظـــﺎﻫرة ﺣﯾـــث ﺗﻌﻣـــل ﻛــــ The focus and crossroad of carbohydrate , lipid , and amino a cid metabolism .

٠٣٤ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﻛن اﻻﻧزﯾﻣﺎت ﻓﻰ دورة ﺣﻣـض اﻟـﺳﺗرﯾك ﻓـﻰ اﻟﺳﻠـﺳﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﻔـﺳﯾﺔ ، ATP synthase ، β - oxidation ﻟﻼﺣﻣﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾﺔ ، اﻧﺗﺎج اﻻﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﯾﺗوﻧﯾﺔ ، ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻘطﺔ ﺗﺟﻣـﻊ ﻟﻠﻬﯾﻛـل اﻟﻛرﺑـوﻧﻰ ﻟﻼﺣﻣـﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾـﺔ ﺑﻌـد ﻧﻘـل ﻣﺟﻣوﻋـــــﺔ اﻻﻣـــــﯾن وﺗﻣـــــد ﺑﻬـــــذﻩ اﻟﻬﯾﺎﻛـــــل ﻟﺗﻛـــــوﯾن اﻻﺣﻣـــــﺎض اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾـــــﺔ ﻏﯾـــــر اﻻﺳﺎﺳـــــﯾﺔ . وﺗﺣـــــدث دورة اﻟﺟﻠﯾﻛوﻟـــــﺳﯾس ودورة اﻟﺑﻧﺗوزﻓوﺳﻔﺎت وﺗﻛوﯾن اﻻﺣﻣﺎض اﻟدﻫﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺳﯾﺗوﺳول ، وﻣن اﻟﻣﻼﺣظ ان gluconeogensis ﺣﺗﻰ اﻟﻣواد ﻣﺛـل اﻟﻼﻛﺗـﺎت واﻟﺑﯾروﻓﺎت اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺳﯾﺗوﺳول ﻻﺑد ﻣن دﺧوﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻣﯾﺗوﻛوﻧدرﯾﺎ وﺗﻧﺗﺞ اوﻛﺳﺎ ﻟواﺳﯾﺗﺎت ﻗﺑل ﺗﺣوﯾﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ ﺟﻠوﻛوز . وﺗﺣﺗـوى اﻏـﺷﯾﺔ the endoplasmic reticum اﻧظﻣـﺔ اﻧزﯾﻣﯾـﺔ ﻟﺗﻛـوﯾن acylglycerol واﻟرﯾﺑوﺳـوﻣﺎت ﻣـﺳﺋوﻟﺔ ﻋـن ﺗﻛـوﯾن اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن ٠ وﻣن اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب ان ﻧﻘل اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟوﺳطﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺧﺗﻠف اﻻﺣﺟﺎم واﻟﺷﺣﻧﺎت واﻟذوﺑﺎن ﺧـﻼل اﻷﻧـﺳﺟﺔ وﺗﻧﻔـﺻل organelles ﺗ ﺷﻣل ﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﻘدة . ﺗدﻓق اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﺔ اﻟوﺳطﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺎرات اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﯾﺟب ﺗﻧظﯾﻣﻬﺎ ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ راﺳﺧﺔ : The flux of metabolites in metabolic pathways must be regulated in a concreted manner: ﺗﻧظﯾم اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﻛﻠﻰ the overall flux ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎرات اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﺗﺧﺗ ً ص ﺑﺿﺑط واﺣد ﻓﻘط او رﺑﻣﺎ اﺛﻧﯾن ﻣن اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت key reaction ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺎر وﯾﺣﻔز ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻧزﯾﻣﺎت ﺗﻧظﯾﻣﯾﺔ requlatory enzymes ، واﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﻔﯾزوﯾﻔوﻛﯾﻣﺎوﯾﺔ ﺗﺿﺑط وﺗﺣﻛم ﻣﻌدل اﻻﻧزﯾم اﻟﻣﺣﻔز ﻟﻠﺗﻔﺎﻋل ) ﻣﺛل ﺗرﻛﯾز اﻟﻣﺎدة ( ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﺟدا ﻓﻰ ﺿﺑط اﻟﻣﻌدل اﻟﻛﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎرات اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﺔ ، وﻣﻊ ذ ً ﻟك ﻓﺎن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة ، درﺟﺔ ﺗرﻛﯾز اﯾون اﻻﯾدروﺟﯾن pH ، ﻋواﻣل ﻣﻣﻛن ان ﺗؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻻﻧزﯾم وﺗﺑﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻔﻘﺎرﯾﺎت ذات اﻟدم اﻟﺣﺎر warm – blood vertebrates .

١٣٤ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻐﺬﯾﺔ اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ واﻻﺳﻤﺎك ) ١ ( اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ : اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ : * - Chemical analysis, protein quality and metaboilzable energy Force feeding assay was carried out for determination of AAAD and TAAD as well as AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of PBPM. The method was performed according to Sibbald (1986) and McNab (1990; 1994) using 42 d old male chicks. Amino acid contents were determined at BASF AG, Germany using biochrom 20 Amino Acid Analyzed (Amershan Pharmcia, USA) based on the method described by Spackman et al., (1958). Methionine and Cystine were determined in samples oxidized with a cid (Moore, 1963). Gross energy value was determined using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter (IKA - Calorimeter C4000). The determination for AAAA and TAAA and AME, TME, AMEn, TMEn of rice bran were carried out employing the force - feeding assay according to the methods of Sibbald (1986) and mcNAB (1990; 1994). Sibbald, I. R. (1986). The T.M.E. system of feed evaluation: methodology, Feed composition data and bibliography. Animal Research Center Contribution 85 - 91, Research Branch, Agric. Canada. Attawa, Ontairo, Canda. mcNAB, J. M., (1990). Apparent and true metabolisable energy of poultry diets. Pages 41 - 54 in: Feedstuff Evaluation, 1st edn. T. Wiseman and D. J. A. Cole, Eds, Butterworths, London, UK. mcNAB, J. M., (1994). Amino acids digestibility and availabil ity studies with poultry. Pages 185 - 203 in: Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition, 1st edn., J. P. F. D`Mello Eds. CAB International Wallingford, Oxon, UK. * - 15 - d old male chicks were randomly chosen to evaluate the protein quality of PBPM, using TPE techn ique (Patrick and Schaible, 1981). Chicks were wing banded and fed a commercial starter diet contained 21% CP and 2950 kcal ME/kg diet during 1 - 14 d of age. Thereafter, chicks were randomly distributed into two isocaloric diets (2900 kcal/kg) containing 12 % CP based on either SBM or PBPM as a sole protein supplement. Each diet was fed to four replicates of ten virds each. In this experiment as well as the next one, chicks were provided with free access to water and mash from of feed and kept under similar m anagerial and hygienic conditions in electrically heated brooding batteries. Birds were illuminated with 24 hr lighting schedule, Individual BW and feed intake/replicate were recorded during the experimental period from 15 to 35 d of age. McNab, J. M. (19 90). Apparent and true metabolisable energy of poultry diets. Pages 41 - 54 in: Feedstuff Evaluation, 1st edn. T. Wiseman and D.J.A. Cole, Eds, Butterworths, London, UK. McNab, J. M. (1994). Amino acid digestibility and Availability Studies with poultry. Pag es 185 - 203 in: Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition 1st edn. J.P.F.D Mello Eds. CAB, International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Moore, S. (1963). One the determination of cystine as cysteic acid. J. Biol. Chem., 235 - 238. Patrick H. and P. J. Schaible (1981). Po ultry: Feeds and Nutrition. 2nd Edn. Avi publishing company, Inc. Westport, Connecticut, USA. * - Nutritive values were calculated expressed as : 1 -

Schaible (1981). Po ultry: Feeds and Nutrition. 2nd Edn. Avi publishing company, Inc. Westport, Connecticut, USA. * - Nutritive values were calculated expressed as : 1 - Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) was calculated using 1, 2.25 and 1 factors for CP, EE and crude carbohydrates (CF and NFE), respectively. 2 - Metabolizable Energy (ME Kcal/g) was calculated as 4.2 per gram TDN . Titus, H.W. (1961): The scientific feeding of chickens. 5 th ED. Danvil, Illinois, U.S.A. ME = Metabolizable Energy values were calculated according, on DM b asis as follows:

٢٣٤ ME (Kcal/Kg)= 35.3 x CP% + 79.5 x EE% + 40.6 x NFE + 199. Carpenter K.J. and Clegg K. M. (1956): the metabolizable energy of poultry feeding stuffs in relation to their chemical composition. J. Sci. Food Agric., 7: 45 - 51. * - Proximate ana lysis of CGF, purchased from National Company for Maize Products was determined according to the methods of (AOAC, 1985). Amino acids profile was performed by ion - exchange chromatography (Spackman et al., 1958 and Spitzm, 1973). Metabolizable energy (ME) o f the tested material was conducted by the method of Vorha et al., (1982) as follows: ME = ME (Kcal/g) basal diet + ME (Kcal/g) tested diet – ME (Kcal/g) basal diet (g. tested material/ g te sted diet) A.O.A.C. (1985). Association of official analytical chemists (1985). Official method of analysis. 14th ed. Published by the A.O.A.C. Washington. D.C., USA. Spackman, D. H.; Stein, W. H., and Moore, S. (1958). Automatic recording apparatus for us e in the chromatography of amino acids Analyt. Chemist. 30:1190 Spitzm H. H. (1973). A new approach for sample preparation of protein hydrolyzates for amino acid analysis. Anal. Biochem. 56: 66 - 73. Vorha, P.: chami, D. B., and Oyawoye (1982). Determination of metabolizable energy by fast method. Poultry Sci. 61:766 - 769. * - to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME) value, Hubbard broiler chicks at seven weeks of age were used. The chicks were reared in individual metabolic cages which were located in central ly heated room. Five replicates were assigned to each of the four dietary treatments. The chicks were given water and diets ad libitum during three days pre - experimental period. Feed intake was measured and excreta was collected over the following three da ys period. The excreta samples were dried and grinned. The samples of diets and excreta were assayed for gross energy using chemical method (O`shea and Maguire, 1962), also nitrogen was determined by the method of Kjeldahl (A.O.A.C., 1990). In addition, th e samples were analyzed for their dry matter content. From the previous results recorded, the estimation was made on dry matter basis using the formula given by El - Lakany (1969). * - The metabolizable energy values (Kcal/g. dry diet) of the diets on a dry m atter basis and coorected for nitrogen retention: (K cal / g. excreta ) (g. excreta) M E = GE - ------------------------------------- + 8.22* (g. N 2 retened per g. dry diet consumed) g. dry diet consumed * 8.22 is the energy in k cal /g. of uric acid nitrogen * - The nitrogen retained per gram diet consumed: (g. N 2 / g. excreta) (g. excreta) g. N 2 retained/ g. dry diet consumed = g. N/ g. diet = ------ ----------------------------------------- g. dry diet * - The metabolizable energy values (K cal lg.) of the test ingredients (t. i.) on a dry matter basi s. ME (k cal/ g) tested diet – ME (K cal /g.) basal diet ME t, i. = ME (Kcal /g.) basal diet + -------------------------------------------------------------------- ( g. tested ingredient / g. tested diet) A.O.A.C., (1990).

ME t, i. = ME (Kcal /g.) basal diet + -------------------------------------------------------------------- ( g. tested ingredient / g. tested diet) A.O.A.C., (1990). Association of Official Analytical Chemists “ Official Methods of Analysis” 15th Ed. Published by the AOAC. Washington. D.C. El - Lakany S. (1969). Studies of the effects of different treatments on the metabolizable energy value of wheat. MSc. The Univ. of B.C. O`shea and Maguire, (1962). Determination of caloritic value of feedstuffs by chromic acid oxidation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 13:530 - 533.

٣٣٤ F1 = (3.56 W + Δ W + X E ) / 100 Where: F1 = calculated food / bird/day (g). W= mean live - weight of bird (g). Δ W = Live - weight change/100 bird/day (g) X = average egg weight (g). E = number of egg/100 birds/day. To get the efficiency index (EI), the calculated food/day (g) was divided by the average of observed food consumption/hen/day (g) obtained from the experimental feeding records. * - Total protein efficiency (TPE): Assay of ingredient was evaluated according to th e procedure described by Woodham et al., (1972), where 40 chicks 14 - day old were divided into two groups with 4 replicates of 5 birds each using experimental diets. TPE = Body Weight gain, g. / Total protein consumed, g. Woodham, A.; S., Sav i; B. J. Ayyash, and S. I. Gordon, (1972). Evaluation of barley as a source of protein for chichs. I I. Nutritional assessment of barley of differing variety and composition as complements to protein concentrates. J. Sci. of Agric. 23: 1055. * - Growth perf ormance: Birds individual live body weight (LBW) and pen feed consumption (FC) were weekly recorded and morality was daily observed Body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), crude protein conversion (CPC) and caloric conversion ratio (CCR) were calculated. At the end of the study, economic studies of experimental treatment were estimated using two ways: 1) Economic efficiency (EEf) of the product which was calculated from the input - output analysis based upon the difference in both growth rate an d feeding cost; 2) European productive efficiency factor (EPEF) which was calculated according to Kamar and Sami (1982) using the following formula: AFLBW (kg) x TFBWS ( kg) -------------------------------- ----------------------- SNC 10000 EPEF = ---------------------------------------------------------------- X ----------------- AMA (days) X TFC (kg) 2.2 -------------------------------------- FNE Where: EPEF = European Productive efficiency factor AFLBW = A verage final live body weight TFBWS = Total final live body weight sold SNC = Starter number of chicks AMA = Average marketing age TFC = Total feed consumption FNC = Final number of chicks 1000 -------- = Constant factor 2.2 Kamar, G.A. and M.S. Sami (1982). Commercial broiler production. Recent book center, Kuwait. PP: 114 - 115. (Arabic text book). * - A total of 60 white single Comb Lohmann laying hen 80 wks of age were used. Bird were housed individually one per cage and were fed a comlete layer ration, ad libitum and allowed full access to water. Egg production was monitored to ensure that all hens were healthy and activity producing. After acclimation for 2 weeks the bird were exposed to the molting procedure. The hens were divided into 3 treatment groups with 2 birds per treatment: non molted control given full layer ration feed, group 2 hens fed on 90% alfalfa

٤٣٤ and 10% layer ration for 9 days ( Kwon et al., 2001) while in the third group ( Zinc molt group) hens were fed on layer ration containing 20.000 ppm of zinc as zinc oxide for 9 days according to North and Bell (1990). Hens were placed on an artificial lighting program of 8 hour L:16D during molt induction period (9 days) then returned to control layer ration and 1 6 h L: 8h D/d. Feed intake was measured by weighing each diet prior to the start of molt and after the 9 - days molt period. During molt, birds weights were monitored at 2, 5, 10 and 35 days. At the end of the motl, 24 birds were slaughtered (8 birds from ea ch group), and the ovaries, oviducts and spleens were excised and weighed and expressed as relative weight (% of B.W.). Egg production was measured daily (% of hen - day), whereas egg quality parameters were measured twice per week. Egg weight ( recorded to the nearest 0.01g), egg length, yolk height and yolk diameter with a caliper and recorded to the yolk samples were collected before the induction of molting ( premolt), and 5 and 10 days after relaying and at return to 50% egg production. Determinate of ND V antibodies titer: Serum samples from layers at 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 wks of age and from posthatch chick were used for determination NDV antibodies liter, using methods described by ( Liu, 1999), yolk samples at 28, 32, 36 and 40 wks of age were used for determination the same analysis. Blood sampling: All hens were bled via the wing vein, and 4 ml of blood was collected using a 5 - ml syringe with a 23 - gauge needle. Two ml of blood for each hen was centrifuged to separate serum which was collected and sto red frozen until analysis, while heparin was added to the remaining 2 ml blood to be used for estimation of total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count. Blood sampling was done on the 2 nd , 5 th , 10 th and 35 days after molt induction and at the return to 50% of pre molt egg production. Purification of IgY from egg yolk: To extract immunoglobulin from the egg yolk, a chloroform - based method described by Polson (1990) was used. The egg yolk was taken out of the eggshell and placed in a clean Petri dish. The egg yolk membrane was washed with distilled water and then cut with the forceps. The yolk was allowed to run into a measuring cylinder, and its volume was noted. Twice the volume of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was added, and the contents were mixed thoroughly by shaking. Chloroform equal to the volume of egg yolk and PBS was then added, and the contents were mixed vigorously, which resulted in the production of a thick emulsion. The emulsion was then centrifuged at 300 rpm for 30 min at room te mperature. After centrifugation, the mixture was separated into 3 distinct layers in the centrifuge tube: an orange - colored solution at the bottom a semisolid emulsion of yolk in chloroform in the middle, and a watery phase of chicken serum protein on top. The watery phase on the top containing the Ig was removed, aliquoted, and stored at - 20°C until analysis. Assay of serum and Yolk IgY:

ase of chicken serum protein on top. The watery phase on the top containing the Ig was removed, aliquoted, and stored at - 20°C until analysis. Assay of serum and Yolk IgY: Serum and egg yolk IgY were determined by rapid enzyme immunoassay method according to Blais and Yamazaki (1991). A comm ercial ELISA kit was used and the instructions of the manufacturer were followed. Absorbance at 492 nm values was measured using an ELEISA plate reader. Results were expressed as the ratio between the optical density (OD) generated by the serum or yolk sam ple being tested (S) and the OD in a well containing a positive - control sample (P). values were expressed in mg/ml sample. Statistical analysis: Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS software (2001). Differences in parameters among treatment gr oups, when significant, where compared using Duncan`s multiple range test (Duncan, 1955).Kwon et al., 2001 Blais, B.W. and Yamazaki, H. (1991). Rapid enzyme immunoassay of chicken egg yolk IgY. Immunol Invest 20(1). 83 - 88. Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple ra nge and multiple F. test. Biometrics. 11: 1 - 42.