الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 305 نموذج رقم19) شكل باللغة الإنكليزية Figure No:26 E-Learning

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 306 نموذج طلب التحكيم عندما يصمم الباحث ومشرفه إستبانة البحث يكون البحث بحكم الحاجة الوجوبية الى تحكيم الصدق الظاهري بعرضها على مجموعة المحكمين كما في النموذج 20 ولكنا هنا نعرض نموذج هو ضمن الملاحق أيضا ولكنه يتضمن كيفية الطلب من المحكمين التقييم وإرسال الإستبيان لهم: نموذج رقم (20) طلب تحكيم عناية / الدكتور...............................المحترم تحية طيبة وبعد ،،، تقوم الباحثة بإجراء دراسة تهدف إلى التعرف على "عوامل الاندماج بين تكنولوجيا التعليم واقتصاديات المعرفة في مواجهة المشكلات التربوية المعاصرة "، للحصول على درجة الدكتوراه في تكنولوجيا التعليم/ جامعة العلوم الإبداعية، وتحقيقا لأهداف الدراسة قامت الباحثة بأعداد استبانة لقياس عوامل الاندماج بين تكنولوجيا التعليم واقتصاديات المعرفة التي تساهم في مواجهة المشكلات التربوية المعاصرة ؛ حيث تشتمل الاستبانة على سبعة محاور تتعلق بالاندماج بين تكنولوجيا التعليم واقتصاديات المعرفة فيما يتعلق بالانفجار السكاني، الانفجار المعرفي, إثراء المواقف التعليمية، استثمار رأس المال الفكري، والعلاقة بين تكنولوجيا التعليم والبنى التحتية لتكنولوجيا المتطورة، والعلاقة بين اقتصاديات المعرفة والاستثمار في رأس المال الفكري وأخيرا العلاقة بين البنى التحتية للتكنولوجيا المتطورة والاستثمار في رأس المال الفكري. كما وضعت الباحثة بدائل الإجابة أمام كل عبارة وفق مقياس ليكرت الخماسي وهي (موافق تماما - موافق – حيادي – غير موافق – غير موافق تماما). لهذا أرجو التكرم بالاطلاع ووضع إشارة ×(في المكان الذي يعكس وجهة نظرك في مدى ملائمة الفقرة للمحور الذي يقابلها، والسلامة اللغوية، ووضوح الفقرات، وأية تعديلات ترونها مناسبة، علماً أن المعلومات المقدمة منكم ستعامل بسرية ولن تستخدم إلا لغايات البحث العلمي فقط. وتفضلو بقبول فائق الاحترام والتقدير

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 307 الباحثة استبانة تحكيم قياس عوامل الَندماج بين تكنولوجيا التعليم واقتصاديات المعرفة في مواجهة المشكلات التربوية المعاصرة أولاً: المتغيرات الديمغرافية الجنس: ذكر أنثى المؤهل العلمي: بكالوريوس فما دون ماجستير دكتوراه الخبرة: 5 سنة فما دون 6-10 سنوات 11 سنة فأكثر ال رق م الفقرات ملائمة الفقرة سلامة اللغة وضوح المعنى ملاحظات ملائمة غير ملائمة سليمة غير سليمة واضحة غير واضحة المجال الأول: دور الاندماج بين تكنولوجيا التعليم واقتصاديات المعرفة أ. ما العلاقة بين اقتصاديات المعرفة والاستثمار في رأسمال مال الفكري؟ 1 تساهم اقتصاديات المعرفة في تنمية القدرة على التفكير في جميع جوانب العملية التعليمية 2 تساعد اقتصاديات المعرفة في إعداد الشباب لمواجهة متطلبات سوق العمل 3 تساعد اقتصاديات المعرفة على فهم كيفية عمل التكنولوجيا الأساسية اللازمة لحياة الفرد 4 تساعد اقتصاديات المعرفة في زيادة قدرات المعلم والمتعلم على التفاعل مع العملية التعليمية بشكل ايجابي 5 تهدف اقتصاديات المعرفة إلى

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 308 وضع قيمة حقيقية للأجور والتوسع في استخدام رأس المال الفكري للمهارات العالية. 6 تركز اقتصاديات المعرفة على استثمار الموارد البشرية باعتبارها محرك التطور 7 تساعد اقتصاديات المعرفة على تحقيق الكفاءة في التعليم واستثمار رأس المال الفكري 8. يمثل رأس المال الفكري أهمية كبيرة في حل المشاكل وتطوير الأداء في ظل الاقتصاد المعرفي ب. ما العلاقة بين تكنولوجيا التعليم والاستثمار في رأس مال الفكري؟ 1 تعتبر البنية التحتية للتكنولوجيا أداة لتحسين رأس المال الفكري 2 توفر البنى التحتية لتكنولوجيا التعليم المتطورة الذي يؤدي إلى الرغبة في الاستثمار بجودة عالية 3 تدعم البنى التحتية للتكنولوجيا المتطورة استثمار رأس المال الفكري كونه مصدر الإبداع والابتكار 4 استخدام البنى التحتية المتطورة تولد القدرة على مواجهة التطورات التكنولوجية المتسارعة وهكذا بقية المجالات والفقرات

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 309 ثالثا:العلامات باللغة العربية والإنكليزية أهمية واستخدامات علامات الترقيم وعلامات الا قتباس في كتابة بحث علمي أو رسالة جامعية العلامات باللغة العربية: (قاسم،2016) لعلامات الترقيم وعلامات الاقتباس دلالاتٌ مهمَّة على معانٍ مقصودة، وعلى الباحث الذي يسعى إلى أن يكون بحثه سهل القراءة والتفهُّم من القارئ أن يهتمَّ جيِّداً بهذه العلامات؛ فهي تسا عد القارئ على الوصول إلى المعنى الحقيقيِّ المراد، ولذلك فإنَّ علامات الترقيم لا تستخدم تلقائيّاً دون فهمٍ لما وضعت لـه، من تلك الأهميَّة ومن هذا المفهوم يحسن إيراد علامات الترقيم وكيفيَّة استخدامها. النقطة ( . ) وتستخدم في الحالات التالية: - في نهاية الجملة التامَّة المعنى، المستوفية مكمِّلاتها اللفظيَّة . - عند انتهاء الكلام وانقضائه. - الفاصلة ( ، ) وتستخدم في الحالات التالية: - بين الجمل المتعاطفة. - بين الجملتين المرتبطتين في المعنى والإعراب. - بين الكلمات المترادفة في الجملة. - بين الشرط والجزاء إذا طالت جملة الشرط. - بين القسم الجواب إذا طالت جملة القسم. - بعد المنادى في الجملـة. - بين المعلومات البيبلوغرافيَّة حين تدوين المصادر. - بين أرقام صفحات نصِّ مقتبس في حالة عدم تتابعها مثل: ص ص 5،8. - الفاصلة المنقوطة ( ؛ ) وتستخدم في الحالات التالية:

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 310 - بعد جملةٍ ما بعدها سببٌ فيها . - بين الجملتين المرتبطتين في المعنى دون الإعراب. - بين مصدرين لاقتباس واحد. - النقطتان المترادفتان ( : ) وتستخدم في الحالات التالية: - بين لفظ القول والكلام المقول. - بين الشيء وأقسامه وأنواعه. - بعد كلمة مثل وقبل الأمثلة التي توضِّح قاعدة . - بعد العناوين الفرعيَّة والجانبيَّة. - بعد التفريع بأولاً وثانياً وثالثاً. - علامة الاستفهام ( ؟ ) وتستخدم في الحالات التالية: - بعد الجمل الاستفهاميَّة سواء أكانت أداة الاستفهام ظاهرة أم مقدَّرة . - بين القوسين للدلالة على شكِّ في رقم أو كلمة أو خبر . - علامة التعجُّب أو الانفعال ( ! ) وتستخدم في الحالات التالية: - بعد الجمل التي يعبَّر بها عن فرح أو حزن أو تعجُّب أو استغاثة أو تأسُّف . - الشرطة ( – ) وتستخدم في الحالات التالية: - في أول السطر في حالة المحاورة بين اثنين استغني عن تكرار اسميهما. - بين العدد والمعدود إذا وقعا تفريعاً أو تعداداً بالأرقام في أول السطر. - قبل معدودات غير مرقَّمة بدأت بها الأسطر كتعداد حالات علامات الترقيم. - بين أرقام صفحات نص مقتبس في حالة تتابعها . - الشرطتان ( – … -) وتستخدم في الحالات التالية: - لفصل الجمل أو الكلمات الاعتراضيَّة ليتَّصل ما قبلها بما بعدها. - علامة التنصيص ( “….” ) وتستخدم في الحالات التالية:

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 311 - يوضع بينهما النصُّ المقتبس مباشرة، أي المنقول حرفيّ . - القوسان ( ) وتستخدم في الحالات التالية: - توضع بينهما البيانات البيبلوغرافيَّة لمصدر الاقتباس داخل متن البحث. - توضع بينهما معاني العبارات والجمل المراد توضيحها داخل متن البحث. - توضع حول تاريخ النشر في قائمة المصادر. - توضع حول علامة الاستفهام الدالة على الشكِّ في رقم أو خبر أو كلمة . - المعقوفتان: - توضع بينهما الزيادة المدخلة في نص مقتبس اقتباساً مباشراً أي حرفيّاً . - يوضع بينهما التصحيحُ في نص مقتبس اقتباساً مباشراً أي حرفيّاً. - النقط الأفقيَّة ( …. ) وتستخدم في الحالات التالية: - للدلالة على أنَّ هناك حذفاً في النصِّ المقتبس اقتباساً مباشراً أي حرفيّاً . - للاختصار وعدم التكرار بعد جملة أو جمل. - بدلاً من كلمة (إلخ) في سياق الحديث عن شيءٍ ما. - تاليةً الجمل التي تحمل معاني أخرى لحثِّ القارئ على التفكير .

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 312 العلامات باللغة الإنكليزية: English Grammar Guide Punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences. You use punctuation marks to structure and organize your writing. You can quickly see why punctuation is important if you try and read this sentence which has no punctuation at all: perhaps you dont always need to use commas periods colons etc to make sentences clear when i am in a hurry tired cold lazy or angry i sometimes leave out punctuation marks grammar is stupid i can write without it and dont need it my uncle Harry once said he was not very clever and i never understood a word he wrote to me i think ill learn some punctuation not too much enough to write to Uncle Harry he needs some help Now let's see if punctuating it makes a difference! Perhaps you don't always need to use commas, periods, colons etc. to make sentences clear. When I am in a hurry, tired, cold, lazy, or angry I sometimes leave out punctuation marks. "Grammar is stupid! I can write without it and don't need it," my uncle Harry once said. He was not very clever, and I never understood a word he wrote to me. I think I'll learn some punctuation - not too much, enough to write to Uncle Harry. He needs some help! Use the pages in this punctuation section to learn how to make your English clearer and better organised. PUNCTUATION RULES IN ENGLISH the period (or full stop in British English) the comma the exclamation mark the question mark the colon the semicolon the quotation mark the apostrophe the hyphen and the dash parentheses and brackets THE PERIOD, FULL STOP OR POINT The period (known as a full stop in British English) is probably the simplest of the punctuation marks to use. You use it like a knife to cut t he sentences to the required length. Generally, you can break up the sentences using the full stop at the end of a logical and complete thought that looks and sounds right to you. MARK THE END OF A SENTENCE WHICH IS NOT A QUESTION OR AN EXCLAMATION EXAMPLES Rome is the capital of Italy. I was born in Australia and now live in Indonesia.

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 313 The Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people. INDICATE AN ABBREVIATION Many abbreviations require a period. Dr, Mr, Mrs, and Ms do not take a period in Brit ish English, nor do most abbreviations taken from the first capital letters such as MA, Phd, or CIA. In American English, some of these do require periods or both usages are correct (with and without periods). If you require 100% accuracy in your punctuati on, refer to a detailed style guide for the abbreviation usage rules in the variety of English you are using. EXAMPLES I will arrive between 6 a.m. and 7 a.m. We are coming on Fri., Jan. 4. ELLIPSIS Often you will see a sentence concluding with three dots. This indicates that only part of the sentence or text has been quoted or that it is being left up to the reader to complete the thought. EXAMPLES The Lord's Prayer begins, "Our Father which art in Heaven...'" He is always late, but you know how I feel about that... PERIOD AFTER A SINGLE WORD Sometimes a single word can form the sentence. In this case you place a fullstop after the word as you would in any other sentence. This is often the case when the subject is understood as in a greeting or a command. EXAMPLES "Goodbye." "Stop." PERIODS IN NUMBERS Numbers use periods in English to separate the whole number from the decimal. A period used in a number is also called a "decimal point" and it is read "point" unless it refers to money. EXAMPLES $10.43 = ten dollars and 43 cents 14.17 = fourteen point one seven THE COMMA There are some general rules which you can apply when using the comma. However, you will find that in English there are many other ways to use the comma to add to the meaning of a sentence or t o emphasise an item, point, or meaning. Although we are often taught that commas are used to help us add 'breathing spaces' to sentences they are, in fact, more accurately used to organise blocks of thought or logical groupings. Most people use commas to e nsure that meaning is clear and, despite grammatical rules, will drop a comma if their meaning is retained without it. SEPARATE PHRASES, WORDS, OR CLAUSES IN LISTS When making a list, commas are the most common way to separate one list

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 314 item from the next. The final two items in the list are usually separated by "and" or "or", which should be preceeded by a comma. Amongst editors this final comma in a list is known as the "Oxford Comma". A SERIES OF INDEPENDENT CLAUSES (SENTENCES) EXAMPLES I met Harry, we went for a swim together, and afterwards Harry went home. I like your son, I might even love him, but he is not a very good soccer player. A SERIES OF NOUNS EXAMPLES For dinner I had soup, fish, chicken, dessert, and coffee. This afternoon I went to Oxford C ircus, Picadilly, Hamstead, and Gatwick Airport. A SERIES OF ADJECTIVES A list of adjectives usually requires commas. However, if an adjective is modifying another adjective you do not separate them with a comma (sentence 3). EXAMPLES She was young, beautiful, kind, and intelligent. The house we visited was dark, dreary, and run-down. She was wearing a bright red shirt. A SERIES OF VERBS EXAMPLES Tony ran towards me, fell, yelled, and fainted. The boy leapt, spun, twisted, and dove into the water. A SERIES OF PHRASES EXAMPLES The car smashed into the wall, flipped onto its roof, slid along the road, and finally stopped against a tree. The dog leapt into the air, snatched the Frisbee in its mouth, landed, and ran off into the forest. ENCLOSING DETAILS Use a comma to enclose non-defining relative clauses and other non-essential details and comments. The comma is placed on either side of the insertion. EXAMPLES China, one of the most powerful nations on Earth, has a huge population. Jason's grandmother, who was born in 1930, lived through the Second World War. Cats, unlike dogs, do not respect their masters. My friend, Jim, likes to go scuba diving. PARTICIPIAL PHRASES EXAMPLES Hearing that her father was in hospital, Jane left work immediately. Walking to the bus stop that morning, Sam knew it was going to be a special day.

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 315 TAG QUESTIONS EXAMPLES She lives in Paris, doesn't she? We haven't met, have we? INTERJECTIONS EXAMPLES Yes, I will stay a little longer, thank you. No, he isn't like other boys. Wait, I didn't mean to scare you. A FINAL WARNING Putting a comma in the wrong place can lead to a sentence with a completely different meaning, look at these two sentences: I detest liars like you; I believe that honesty is the best policy. = I detest you because you are a liar. I detest liars, like you; I believe that honesty is the best policy. = You and I both detest liars. THE EXCLAMATION MARK The exclamation mark is used to express exasperation, astonishment, or surprise, or to emphasise a comment or short, sharp phrase. In professional or everyday writing, exclamation marks are used sparingly if at all. EXAMPLES Help! Help! That's unbelievable! Get out! Look out! You can also use exclamation marks to mark a phrase as humourous, ironic or sarcastic. EXAMPLES What a lovely day! (when it obviously is not a lovely day) That was clever! (when someone has done something stupid) In very informal writing styles (SMS, chat, Twitter or Facebook, etc.), an exclamation mark is sometimes combined with a question mark to indica te both surprise and slight uncertainty. Double and triple exclamation marks are common in very informal writing styles, but are a sign of being uneducated in less casual correspondance. EXAMPLES OF CASUAL WRITING He's getting married!? That's insane!!! THE QUESTION MARK Use the question mark at the end of all direct questions. EXAMPLES What is your name? Do you speak Italian?

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 316 You're spanish, aren't you? Do not use a question mark for reported questions EXAMPLES He asked me what my name was. She asked if I was Spanish. Ask them where they are going. Long questions still need question marks EXAMPLES Isn't it true that global warming is responsible for more and more problems which are having a disastrous effect on the world's climate and leading to many millions of people in countries that can least afford it having to contend with more and more hardship? Why is it that even though you are unkind to me, ignore me when I ask you for help, and consistently forget to thank me when I do favors for you, you still claim to want me to be your friend and appear surprised when I prefer to hang out with other people? Question marks can sometimes appear within sentences EXAMPLES There is cause for concern (isn't there?) that the current world economic balance is so fragile that it may lead to a global economic downturn. "Why is she here?" asked Henry. THE COLON The colon expands on the sentence that precedes it, often introducing a list that demonstrates or elaborates whatever was previously stated. EXAMPLES There are many reasons for poor written communication: lack of planning, poor grammar, misuse of punctuation marks, and insufficient vocabulary. He collected a strange assortment of items: bird's eggs, stamps, bottle tops, string, and buttons. Peter had an eclectic tast e in music: latin, jazz, country and western, pop, blues, and classical. He had just one fault: an enormous ego. The colon is also used to divide the hour from the minutes in writing a time in English. EXAMPLES 4:15 = "four fifteen" 6:45 = "six fourty-five" THE SEMICOLON The semicolon is somewhere between a full stop and a comma. Semicolons can be used in English to join phrases and sentences that are thematically linked without having to use a conjunction (example 1 below). Semicolons can also be used instead of commas to separate the items in a list when the items themselves

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 317 already contain commas (example 2 below). EXAMPLES I like your brother; he's a good friend. Many great leaders, Churchill, leader of Britain during the Second World War; Alexander, th e great Emperor and general; and Napolean, the brilliant French general, had strong characters, which were useful when their countries were at war but which did not serve them well in times of peace. QUOTATION MARKS Use quotation marks to cite something so meone said exactly. When rephrasing what someone told you, no quotation marks are needed. EXAMPLES "I'm going to the store now," she said. Harry told me, "Don't forget your soccer jersey." Harry told me not to forget my soccer jersey. If quoting others within a quote, both single and double quotation marks are used to set the two separate quotations off from each other. EXAMPLE 'I haven't spoken to Peter for months,' Dianne said.'The last time I spoke to him he said, "I'm going to Bahrain and won't be back for about three years", I've heard nothing since then'. You may see single or double quotation marks used to mark out idiomatic or unfamiliar expressions EXAMPLES I've always thought that he was very annoying, a bit of a 'pain in the neck.' I'm not sure what you mean by "custodial care", but I'm sure you will explain it to me. Quotation marks both single and double are also used for specific purposes in bibliographic references or when citing sources in academic writing. There are a number of ways of organi sing bibliographies which set out standard formats. Most organisations and academic institutions will prefer one of these or have their own format published in a 'style guide'. EXAMPLE "The Migration Flight of the Lesser Tweazle", by Jeremey Adams, The Bir d Spotter Magazine, July 2009. THE APOSTROPHE The apostrophe probably causes more grief than all of the other punctuation marks put together! The problem nearly always seems to stem from not understanding that the apostrophe has two very different (and ver y important) uses in English: possession and contractions. THE APOSTROPHE IN CONTRACTIONS The most common use of apostrophes in English is for contractions, where a noun or pronoun and a verb combine. Remember that the apostrophe is often replacing a lette r that has been dropped. It is placed where the missing letter would be in that case. Type Without contractions Contractions

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 318 Using "not" is not, has not, had not, did not, would not, can not isn't, hasn't, hadn't, didn't, wouldn't, can't Using "is" she is, there is, he is, it is, Mary is, Jim is, Germany is, who is she's, there's, he's, it's, Mary's, Jim's, Germany's, who's Using "am" I am I'm Using "will" I will, you will, she will, we will, they will I'll, you'll, she'll, we'll, they'll Using "would" I wo uld, you would, he would, we would, they would I'd, you'd, he'd, we'd, they'd Using "have" I have, you have, we have, they have I've, you've, we've, they've Using "are" you are, they are, we are you're, they're, we're People, even native English speakers, often mistake its and it's, you're and your, who's and whose, and they're, their and there. See below for the difference. EXAMPLES It's a nice day outside. (contraction) The cat is dirty. Its fur is matted. (possession) You're not supposed to be here. (contraction) This is your book. (possession) Who's at the door? (contraction) Whose shoes are these? (possession) They're not here yet. (contraction) Their car is red. (possession) His car is over there. (location) THE POSSESSIVE APOSTROPHE In most cases you simply need to add 's to a noun to show possession EXAMPLES a ship's captain a doctor's patient a car's engine Ibrahim's coat Mirianna's book Plural nouns that do not end in s also follow this rule: EXAMPLES the children's room the men's work the women's club Ordinary (or common) nouns that end in s, both singular and plural, show possession simply by adding an apostrophe after the s. EXAMPLES the bus' wheel the babies' crying the ladies' tennis club the teachers' journal Proper nouns (names of people, cit ies, countries) that end in s can form the possessive either by adding the apostrophe + s or simply adding the apostrophe. Today both forms are considered correct (Jones's or Jones'), and many large organisations now drop the apostrophe completely (e.g. Ba rclays Bank, Missing Persons Bureau) when publishing their name.

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 319 EXAMPLES The Hughes' home (or the Hughes's home) Mr Jones's shop (or Mr Jones' shop) Charles' book (or Charles's book) HYPHENS AND DASHES A hyphen joins two or more words together while a das h separates words into parenthetical statements. The two are sometimes confused because they look so similar, but their usage is different. Hyphens are not separated by spaces, while a dash has a space on either side. HYPHENS Generally, hyphens are used to join two words or parts of words together while avoiding confusion or ambiguity. Consult your dictionary if you are not sure if a hyphen is required in a compound word, but remember that current usage may have shifted since your dictionary was published. EXAMPLES run-down up-to-date There are some cases where hyphens preserve written clarity such as where there are letter collisions, where a prefix is added, or in family relations. Many words that have been hyphenated in the past have since dropped the hyphen and become a single word (email, nowadays). EXAMPLES co-operate bell-like anti-nuclear post-colonial great-grandmother son-in-law In some cases though, a hyphen does change the meaning of a sentence. EXAMPLE I am thinking of re-covering my sofa (= to put a new cover on it) I would like to recover my sofa. (= from someone who has borrowed or stolen it) HYPHENS IN NUMBERS Use a hyphen with compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine. EXAMPLES fifty-one eighty-nine thirty-two sixty-five In written fractions place a hyphen between the numerator and denominator except if there is already a hyphen in either the numerator or the denominator. EXAMPLES two-fifths one-third three-tenths nine-hundredths sixty-nine eighty-ninths Use a hyphen when a number forms part of an adjectival compound EXAMPLES

الحاوي في مناهج البحث العلمي 320 France has a 35-hour working week. He won the 100-metre sprint. Charles Dickens was a great nineteenth-century novelist. DASHES Dashes can be used to add parenthetical statements or comments in much the same way as y ou would use brackets. In formal writing you should use the bracket rather than the dash as a dash is considered less formal. Dashes can be used to create emphasis in a sentence. EXAMPLES You may think she is a liar - she isn't. She might come to the party - you never know. BRACKETS AND PARENTHESES The difference between a 'bracket' and a 'parentheses' can be a bit confusing. Generally, 'parentheses' refers to round brackets ( ) and 'brackets' to square brackets [ ]. However, we are more and more used to he aring these referred to simply as 'round brackets' or 'square brackets'. Usually we use square brackets - [ ] - for special purposes such as in technical manuals. Round brackets - ( ) - are used in a similar way to commas when we want to add further expla nation, an afterthought, or comment that is to do with our main line of thought but distinct from it. Many grammarians feel that the parentheses can, in fact, be replaced by commas in nearly all cases. EXAMPLES The government's education report (April 2005 ) shows that the level of literacy is rising in nearly all areas. I visited Kathmandu (which was full of tourists) on my way to the Himalayas for a trekking expedition. You can eat almost anything while travelling in Asia if you are careful to observe simp le rules (avoiding unboiled or unbottled water is one of the main rules to be aware of.) British vs. American English British English American English The “ ! “ symbol is called an exclamation mark an exclamation point The “ ( ) “ symbols are called brackets parentheses The “ [ ] “ symbols are called square brackets brackets The position of quotation marks Joy means “happiness”. Joy means “happiness.”