الأطفال مرآة المجتمع

inal/qafinitial/rehisolated/zainisolated /fehisolated/alefisolated/rehfinal/tahinitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated/wawisolated/yehisolated/dalisolated/rehisolated/wawisolated (( /rehfinal/behwithjeeminitial/alefwithhamzaaboveisolated )) /rehisolated/aleffinal/behmedial/tehmedial/khahinitial/alefisolated /fehwithyehisolated /dalisolated/wawfinal/laminitial/wawfinal/lamwithmeeminitial/alefisolated /aleffinal/hehmedial/yehmedial/lammedial/aininitial /lamfinal/sadmedial/yehwithhahinitial /tehwithyehfinal/laminitial/alefisolated /tehisolated/aleffinal/jeeminitial/rehisolated/dalfinal/laminitial/alefisolated /noonwithyehisolated/aleffinal/ainmedial/meeminitial /yehwithnoonfinal/behmedial/yehinitial /rehfinal/fehmedial/sadinitial12 /tehmarbutafinal/yehmedial/hahinitial/aleffinal/noonmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /tehmarbutafinal/jeeminitial/rehisolated/dalfinal/laminitial/alefisolated /noonisolated/wawfinal/lammedial/laminitial/alefisolated /tehmarbutafinal/yehmedial/seeninitial/aleffinal/kafmedial/ainmedial/nooninitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /tehmarbutafinal/behinitial/aleffinal/jeemmedial/tehmedial/seeninitial/lamwithalefisolated/alefisolated /tehisolated/lamwithaleffinal/dadmedial/ainmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /seenfinal/fehmedial/noonmedial/tehmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /behfinal/lammedial/qafmedial/laminitial/alefisolated /tehisolated/aleffinal/qafinitial/dalisolated /tehmarbutafinal/aininitial/rehfinal/seeninitial

34 اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻣﺮآة اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ دون أن ﻳﺬرف دﻣﻌﺎﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ أن دم اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻮﻻدةﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وأﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﺄﻗﻠﻢ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﳉﺪﻳﺪةﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﺴﺮ واﻹﺗﻼف ﻓﻲ ﻛﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺪم اﳊﻤﺮاءﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻣـﺼـﺎدر ﺗـﻮﻟـﻴـﺪ ﻫـﺬه اﻟـﻜـﺮﻳـﺎت ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻫﻲ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن داﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻛﻨﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﺎم واﻟﻜـﺒـﺪ واﻟﻄﺤﺎل وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ. وﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻮزن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻮﻻدة ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﺧﺮى ﺣﺴﺐ ﻇﺮوف ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻴﻼدﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ وراﺛﻴﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ أو ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻨـﺔ اﻟـﺬي ﺣـﺼـﻠـﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﻻدةﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻏﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ. وﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻮزن ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﳊﻀﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ أرﻃﺎل(ﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ٦ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﺟﺮام )٤٧٬٢إﻟﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ. ﻓﻤﻮاﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ وزﻧﻬﻢ ٨ ﻛﺠﻢ )٦٬٣ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻬﻨﻮد اﳊﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ وزن اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ أرﻃﺎل( وﻫﻜﺬاﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ. وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻼ ﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋﳊﺒﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻻﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﺬي ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﻠﺒﻴـﺌـﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وذﻟـﻚ اﻟـﺬي ﻳـﺮﺟـﻊ ﻟﻠﻮراﺛﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻮزنﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻷن اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎن ﻣﺘﺪاﺧﻠﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ وزن اﳉﻨﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ. )راﺟﻊ أﺛﺮ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻷم ﻓﻲ ﳉﻐﻚﻗﻗﺦﻚﺄﺦﺒﻮ اﳉﻨﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ( )إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ و ﻏﺎﻟﻲﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ (١٨٩١

35 اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻮﻻدة ﺑﻌﺾ اﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻔﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻮﻻدة: ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ أن ﻳﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﳉﺪﻳﺪةﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﳒﺪه ﻳـﻨـﻤـﻮ ﳉﻐﻚﻗﳊﻹهعﺒـﻌـﺪل ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ٠٢١ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺟﺪاﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻓﺘﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺪق ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ﻣﺮة ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﺮﻛـﺔ اﻷﻣـﻌـﺎء ﻟـﺪﻳـﻪ٨١(ﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺨﺮج اﻟﺒـﻮل ٠٨- ٠٧)اﻟﺮاﺷـﺪ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪﻳـﻦ. وﻟـﻜـﻲ ﻳـﻌـﺪ ﻧـﻔـﺴـﻪ وﻳـﺪﺧـﺮ ﻃـﺎﻗـﺘـﻪ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ. ذﻟﻚ أن ﺣﺮﻛﺔ٤٢ ﺳﺎﻋﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒﻛﻞ ٨١- ٤١ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﺑﺬل ﻫﺬا اﳉﻬﺪ ﻳﻨﺎم اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮزن ﺟﺴﻤﻪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺛـﻼﺛـﺔ إﻟـﻰ أرﺑـﻌـﺔ أﺿـﻌـﺎف ﺣـﺮﻛـﺔ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮزن ﺟﺴﻤﻪ. ﻟﻬﺬا ﻛﻠﻪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺪل ﳉﻐﻚﻗﻗﺦﻚﺄﺦﺒﻮه اﳉﺴﻤﻲ ﻗﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ٣٧٩١اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻛﺒﻴﺮا ﺟﺪا )Caplan( وﻳﻜﻮن اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺦ واﳉﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ. وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺸﺎط زاﺋﺪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻻﺳﺘﺤﺪاث أﻗﻮاس ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪةﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﺳﺎس اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﻨﻤﻮ. وﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺪل ﳉﻐﻚﻗﻗﺦﻚﺄﺦﺒﻮ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺦ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻤـﺘـﻪ ﻗـﺒـﻴـﻞ اﻟﻮﻻدةﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن أي ﺟﻬﺎز آﺧﺮ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻌﺪل. ﻓﻌﻨﺪ اﻟﻮﻻدة ﺗﻜﺎد ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬا ﻋﻼﻣـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ. وﻳﺸـﺬ ﻋـﻦ ﻫـﺬه اﻟـﻘـﺎﻋـﺪة اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﺒﺼﺮيﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وأﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺸﻢﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ إذ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ اﻛﺘﻤﻞ ﳉﻐﻚﻗﻗﺦﻚﺄﺦﺒﻮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺎﺗﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻨﻄﻘﺘﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ. أﻣﺎ أﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻛﺘﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻬﺮ اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻣﻦ اﳊﻤﻞﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻛﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﻜـﻮﻳـﻦ اﻷذن ﺑـﺄﺟـﺰاﺋـﻬـﺎ. وﻋـﻨـﺪﺋـﺬ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﳉﻨﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ أن ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻟﻤﺠﺮد اﻷﺻﻮاتﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﻄﻔـﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻮﻻدة ﻳﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ورﳉﻐﻚﻗﳊﻹهعﺒﺎ ﻛﺎن ذﻟﻚ راﺟﻌﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻣﺘﻼء اﻷذن اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ. ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻮﻻدة: ﳉﻐﻚﻗﳊﻹهعﺒﺠﺮد ﺧـﺮوج اﻟـﻄـﻔـﻞ ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﺮﺣـﻢﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻳـﺴـﺘـﻄـﻴـﻊ أن ﻳـﺘـﻨـﻔـﺲ وﻳـﺴـﺘـﺨـﻠـﺺ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺟﺎدا ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎمﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺒﺘﻠﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻘـﻨـﺎة اﻟـﺼـﺤـﻴـﺤـﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻛـﻤـﺎ ﻳﺪﻳﺮ رﻗﺒﺘﻪ ورأﺳﻪ ﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋﳊﺒﻨﺔ وﻳﺴﺮة. وﻳﺴﺘـﺠـﻴـﺐ ﺑـﺤـﺜـﺎ ﻋـﻦ اﻟـﻌـﻮن ﻓـﻲ ﻛـﻞ ﻣـﺎﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﳉﻐﻚﻗﳊﻹهعﺒﻔﺮدهﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﺑـﻌـﺪم اﻻرﺗـﻴـﺎحﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ إذا ﻓﻘﺪ اﻟﺴﻨﺪ أو ﺳﻘﻂﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ أو ﻗﻴﺪت ﺣﺮﻳﺔ اﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋﳊﺒﻜﻦ أن ﻧﺼﻒ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻮﻻدة ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺷﻜﺎل: اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟـﻌـﺸـﻮاﺋـﻲ )أو اﻟـﺘـﻠـﻘـﺎﺋـﻲ( اﻷﻓـﻌـﺎل اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒـﻨـﻌـﻜـﺴـﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ واﻻﺳـﺘـﺠـﺎﺑـﺎت

36 اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻣﺮآة اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ. اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ: اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺪر ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺎتﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺳﻮاء ﻣﻦ اﳉﺴﻢ ﻛﻠﻪ أو ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ أﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ أي دون وﺟﻮد ﻣﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪد واﺿﺢ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﺆوﻻ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬه اﳊﺮﻛـﺎت. وﻗـﺪ ﺗـﺴـﺎءل اﻟـﻌـﻠـﻤـﺎء ﻫـﻞ ﺗـﻮﺟـﺪ أﳉﻐﻚﻗﻗﺦﻚﺄﺦﺒـﺎط واﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﻠﻮك? أو ﳉﻐﻚﻗﳊﻹهعﺒﻌﻨﻰ آﺧﺮ ﻫﻞ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳـﺘـﺨـﺬ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﳉﻐﻚﻗﻗﺦﻚﺄﺦﺒﻄﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﳉﻐﻚﻗﻗﺦﻚﺄﺦﺒﻂ آﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﺨﺬه ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ أﺧﺮى? وﺑﻌﺪ دراﺳﺎت ﻋﺪة ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﺆالﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ اﺳﺘﻄﺎع ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء آن ﻳﺠﺪ)٢( ﻋﺪدا ﻣﻦ اﻷﳉﻐﻚﻗﻗﺦﻚﺄﺦﺒﺎط اﻟﺘﻲ ﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋﳊﺒﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﻠـﻮك. وﻳـﺸـﺘـﺮط ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ أن ﻳﻜﻮن: ( ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮا ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ.١) ( ﻣﺘﻜﺮر اﳊﺪوث ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻣﻌﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ.٢) ( ﻗﺎﺑﻼ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد آﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل.٣) ﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ٨٦٩١وﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ أن ﲢﺪد ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﺣﻮال ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰة ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻷﳉﻐﻚﻗﻗﺦﻚﺄﺦﺒﺎط اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ )Beintama(.٨٦٩١ : ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻋﻴﻮن ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻻ ﺣﺮاك.١ﺣﺎﻟﺔ : ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻋﻴﻮن ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة.٢ﺣﺎﻟﺔ : ﻋﻴﻮن ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻻ ﺣﺮﻛﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة.٣ﺣﺎﻟﺔ : ﻋﻴﻮن ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺣﺮﻛﺎت واﺿﺤﺔ وﻛﺒﻴﺮةﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ اﻟﺒﻜﺎء.٤ﺣﺎﻟﺔ : ﻋﻴﻮن ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ أو ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻜﺎء وﺻﻴﺎح.٥ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﻟﻘﺪ وﺟﺪت ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﺎﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺔ أن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺳﺖ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻼت ﺗﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬه اﳊﺎﻻت اﳋﻤﺲ. ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻼتﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺗـﻐـﻠـﺐ إﺣـﺪى ﻫـﺬه اﳊـﺎﻻت ﻋـﻠـﻰ اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻼد. ﻓﺘﻜﻮن اﳊﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻴـﺐ رﺑـﻊ ﻋـﺪد اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻮاﻟﻴﺪ )أي ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﻲ اﻷﻏﻠﺐ ﻟـﺪﻳـﻬـﻢ ﻣـﻨـﺬ اﻟـﻴـﻮم اﻷول ﻟـﻠـﻤـﻴـﻼد( واﳊـﺎﻟـﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﳉﻐﻚﻗﳊءﳒﺒﺎﺛﻞﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ واﳊﺎﻟﺔ اﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﻋﺪد أﻗﻞ. إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺞﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻓﻲ ﻣﺪى ﺗﺴﻌﺔ أﻳﺎم ﺗﺄﺧﺬ اﳊﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻈـﻬـﻮر ﻋـﻠـﻰ ﻋﺪد أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل. وﻣﻌﻨﻰ ذﻟﻚ أن اﳊﺎﻟﺔ اﻷﻋﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻫﻲ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﻴﻘﻆ واﳊﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ.

37 اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻮﻻدة وﻫﻨﺎك ﻓﺮوق ﻓﺮدﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻀﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺣـﺎﻟـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﳊﺎﻻت ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋـﻤـﻠـﻴـﺔ اﻻﺳـﺘـﻘـﺮار. وﺗـﻼﺣـﻆ اﻷﻣـﻬـﺎت ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻔﺮوقﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدةﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ واﺿﺢ. ﻓﺘﻼﺣﻆ اﻷم ﻣﺜﻼ أن اﺑﻨﻬﺎ اﻷول ﻛﺎن ﻳﻨﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻫﺪوءﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺴﺘﻴﻘﻆ دون ﺟﻠﺒﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻓﻲ ﺣﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ أن أﺧﺘﻪ اﻟﺼﻐﺮى ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺮك ﻟﻬﺎ ﳊﻈﺔ دون اﻧﺸﻐﺎل ﺑﺘﻬﺪﺋﺘﻬﺎ. وﻏﻨﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎن أن ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﺎﻳـﺮ ﻓـﻲ اﻷﳉﻐﻚﻗﻗﺦﻚﺄﺦﺒـﺎط ﻗـﺪ ﻳـﻜـﻮن ﻟـﻪ ﺗـﺄﺛـﻴـﺮ واﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ ﻋﻠـﻰ رﻋـﺎﻳـﺘـﻪ. ﻓـﺎﻟـﻄـﻔـﻞ ﻏـﻴـﺮ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺻﻌﺐ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺮاس ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺪون أﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺘﻌﺒﺎﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﳉﻐﻚﻗﳊﻹهعﺒﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ. وﺳﻮف ﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﻼم ﻋﻦ رﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺮﺣﻠﺔ. وﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻒ أن اﻟﻌﺎﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺔ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺬﻛﻮرة ﻗﺪ وﺟﺪت أﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻴﻮﻣﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ اﻷوﻟﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ أن ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﳊﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓـﻌـﻞ اﶈـﻴـﻄـﻮن ﺑـﻪ. ﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ ﺣﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ أﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أو ﺑﺂﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺘﻪ. ورﳉﻐﻚﻗﳊﻹهعﺒﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﺬه اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺮوق اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻔﻞﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ اﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻠﻘﺎن ﺑﻮﺿﻮحﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻟﻮ دﻫﻤﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار. اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﳌﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ: إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺗﻠﻚ اﳊﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻋﻀـﻼت اﻟـﻮﻟـﻴـﺪ ﺑـﻄـﺮﻳـﻘـﺔ آﻟﻴﺔ وﺑﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻋﺪدا ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴـﺎﻋـﺪه ﻋـﻠـﻰ أن ﻳـﺘـﻜـﻴـﻒ ﻣـﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﳋﺎرﺟﻲﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﺎ ﻣـﺮاﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ أو ﻋـﻨـﺪﻣـﺎ ﻳﺠﺬب ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻣﺜﻼ إذا ﻣﺎ ﺷﻚ ﺑﺪﺑﻮسﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ أو ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻳﺮ رأﺳﻪ ﺟﻬﺔ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺼـﺪرﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ اﻷﻧﺎﻣﻞ وﺟﻬﻪ أﺳﻔﻞ اﳋﺪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻫﻜﺬا. وﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬه اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎت ﻓﻲ اﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﳊـﻴـﺎة ﻋـﻦ ﻃـﺮﻳـﻖ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﺬاءﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻣﺜﺎل ذﻟﻚ اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس اﻟﺬي أﺗﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺴﻤﻰ

38 اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻣﺮآة اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﻠﻤﺲ ﺧﺪه أو ﻳﻠﻤﺲ ﻃﺮف ﻓﻤﻪ أي ﺷﻲءﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ رأﺳﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺸﻲء اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻼﻣﺲﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﳊﻠﻤﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺮﺿﻊﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﳉﻐﻚﻗﳊﻹهعﺒﺠﺮد ﺣﺼﻮل اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺒـﺎﺷـﺮة اﻧـﻌـﻜـﺎس اﻟـﺮﺿـﺎﻋـﺔ. وﻗـﺪ أﻣـﻜـﻦ ﻣـﻼﺣـﻈـﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ. وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ٠٣اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس اﻻﻧﺘﺤﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ أﻃﻔﺎل ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﺮﻫـﻢ ﻋـﻦ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻳﻘﻈﺘﻬﻢ. وﻻ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻨﻮم. وﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎت ذات اﻟﺼﻔﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺮﻣﺶ اﻟﻌﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ واﻟﻜـﺤـﺔ واﻟﺸﺮﻗﺔ ﻟﻄﺮد اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ واﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎت اﻷﻟﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﲡﻌـﻠـﻪ .ًﻳﻨﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻷﻟﻢ وﻳﺼﻴﺢ ﻏﺎﺿﺒﺎ وﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴـﻤـﻰ ﺑـﺎﻧـﻌـﻜـﺎسMORO(. وﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋـﻦ ﺣـﺮﻛـﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺲ اﻟﻈﻬﺮ وإﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺮأس واﻟﺪﻓـﻊ ﺑـﺎﻟـﺬراﻋـﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ واﻟـﺴـﺎﻗـﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ إﻟـﻰ اﻷﻣـﺎم ﺛـﻢ ﺟﺬﺑﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻤﺎع ﺻﻮت ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ أو رؤﻳﺔ ﺿـﻮء ﻣـﺒـﻬـﺮ أو اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺮأس. إن ﻣﻮرو ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس ﻳﺮى أﻧﻪ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ اﳊﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻬﺎ اﳊﻴﻮان ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﻏﺼﺎن أو ﻣﺎ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ. وﻳﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻬﺮ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﺎدس. وﻫﻨﺎك اﻧﻌﻜﺎسBabinski(ﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻧﻔـﺮاج أﺻـﺎﺑـﻊ اﻟﻘﺪم ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﺮب اﻟﻜﻌﺐﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻧـﻌـﻜـﺎس ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﺸـﻬـﺮ اﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊ إﻟـﻰ اﻟﺴﺎدس ﺑﻌﺪ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻴﻼد. وإذا ﺑﻘﻰ ﻫﺬان اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎت اﻷﺧﻴﺮان ﺑﻌﺪ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺪة اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻘﺮرة ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺈن ذﻟﻚ. ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻮد ﺗﻠﻒ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ. ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎت اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻌﻘﺪة ﻧﻮﻋﺎ. ﻛﺎﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎت ﺗﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺮﻗـﺒـﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬراﻋﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ واﻟﺴﺎﻗﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ إدارة اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﳉﻬﺔ أو ﻷﺧﺮىﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻋﺪم إﻋﺎدﺗﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ. وﻫﻨﺎك أﻳﻀﺎ اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس اﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻫﻮ اﻧﻌﻜﺎس اﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺷﻲء ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ راﺣﺔ اﻟﻴﺪ. ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ. ﻫﺬا وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎت دﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻀﺞ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ. ذﻟﻚ أن اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺮﺟﺢ أن اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻀـﻌـﺔ أﻳـﺎمﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻳـﻜـﻮن ﻓـﻲ ﺣـﺎﻟـﺔ ﺻـﺤـﻴـﺔ ﻏـﻴـﺮ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻐﻤﺾ ﻋﻴﻨﻴـﻪ ﻟـﻠـﻀـﻮء اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒـﺒـﻬـﺮ أو ﻳـﺘـﺄﺛـﺮ ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠـﻤـﺲ أو اﻟـﺸـﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺑﻮس.. . اﻟﺦ. إن ﻫﺬه اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺆﻫﻼت ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺧـﺒـﺮات أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄﻮرا ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻄﻮر ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة

39 اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻮﻻدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ إﻟﻰ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻌﻘﺪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺴـﻴـﺮ داﺋـﻤـﺎ ﺑـﺸـﻜـﻞ ﻣـﻄـﺮد. ﻓـﺒـﻌـﺪ أن ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﻮرو اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﲢﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎت اﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎض اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻟﺮاﺷﺪﻳﻦ وﻫﻲ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺘﻬﺎ. وﻳﻘﺪم ﻟﻨﺎ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺴـﺒـﺎﺣـﺔ ﻣـﺜـﺎﻻ آﺧﺮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻃﺮاﻓﺔ. ﻓﺎﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ أﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻳﻈﻬـﺮ ﻛـﻔـﺎءة واﺿـﺤـﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ. ﻓﺤﺮﻛﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺎء ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ واﻟﺘﺂزر واﻟﻘـﻮة ﺑـﺤـﻴـﺚ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻣﺎم دون ﻣﺎ اﺿﻄﺮاب. وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻳﻀﻄﺮب ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻫﺬاﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻗﺪرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﺴﻨﺘﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ. وﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻳﺤﺪث أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺸﻲ. ﻓﺎﻧﻌﻜﺎس اﳋﻄﻮ ﻳﻈـﻬـﺮ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺒﻮع اﻷول ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎةﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋﳊﺒﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻮﻟﻴﺪ أن ﻳﺨﻄﻮ إذا ﻣﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺣﻤﻼ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺖ اﻟﺬراﻋﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺑﻞ وﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋﳊﺒﻜﻨﻪ أﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺨﻄﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎت اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ. ﺛﻢ ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﳋﻄﻮ ﻫﺬه ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻦ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴـﺔ أﺳـﺎﺑـﻴـﻊﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﻈﻞ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺗﻘـﺮﻳـﺒـﺎ ﺣـﻴـﺚ ﻳـﺒـﺪأ ﻓـﻲ ﺗـﻌـﻠـﻢ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒـﺸـﻲ (.٢- ١ﳉﻐﻚﻗﳊﻹهعﺒﻔﺮده ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى )ﺷﻜﻞ

40 اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻣﺮآة اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ: إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت ﺳﻮاء ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ أم اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪاﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮع آﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻳﺎم اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﳉﻐﻚﻗﻗﺦﻚﺄﺦﺒﺎط اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮك ﻋﻨﺪ ا ﳊﻴﻮان. ﻫﺬه اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ )أي اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺪر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ دون ﺗﻌـﻠـﻢ( ﻣـﺜـﻠـﻬـﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮىﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺗﺆدي وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﳊﻲ اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪه ﻓﻲ اﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ. وﻫﻲ وإن ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ إﻻ أن اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑـﻴـﻨـﻬـﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻓـﺮق ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻮعﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻓﺎﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺘﺨـﺼـﺼـﺔ ﻫـﺬه ﺗـﻨـﻢ ﻋـﻦ ﻧـﻮع ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﺪة أﻃﻮلﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﳋﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻦ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺜﻴﺮات أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺴـﺎﻋـﺪ ﻋـﻠـﻰ أداء ﻋﺪد أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺎت. وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻷﳉﻐﻚﻗﻗﺦﻚﺄﺦﺒﺎط اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻷوﻟﻲ: اﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔ. ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻃﻴﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ أﻣـﺜـﻠـﺔ ﳉﻐﻚﻗﻗﺦﻚﺄﺦﺒـﻂ اﻟـﺴـﻠـﻮك اﻷوﻟـﻰ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺘﺨﺼﺺﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﻋﺪﻳﺪة أﻫﻤﻬﺎ: اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس اﻻﻧﺘﺤﺎﺋﻲ أو اﳉﺬريﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠـﻰ اﳊﻠﻤﺔ. وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻟﻠﻄﻔﻞ ذﻟﻚﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﺒﺪوﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﳊﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮةﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻫـﻲ اﳊـﺮﻛـﺔ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒـﺰدوﺟـﺔ ﻟـﻠـﺮﺿـﺎﻋـﺔ. وﻫـﻲ: اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒـﺺ إﻟـﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻔﻢ. وﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻳﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﻠﳉﻐﻚﻗكذﺦﺒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ أو اﻟﺜﺪيﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳊﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺜﺔ ﺿﻐﻄﺎ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻠﳉﻐﻚﻗكذﺦﺒ إﻟﻰ اﳋﺎرج. ﺛﻢ ﺗﺄﺗـﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻊﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﲢﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺂزر ﺑﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ اﻟﺒﻠﻊ واﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺺ واﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻌﺎ. إن اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻊ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ اﻟﺸﻬﻴـﻖ واﻟـﺰﻓـﻴـﺮ. وﻟـﻜـﻲ ﻳـﺤـﺘـﻔـﻆ اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻠﳉﻐﻚﻗكذﺦﺒ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم اﻹﺧﻼل ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻓﻘﺪ زود اﻟـﻮﻟـﻴـﺪ ﺑﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻠﻊ ﺗﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪﻳﻦ. وﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺑﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺺ واﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ واﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮىﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ أن اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﻌﻤﻮن ﺑﻘﺪر واﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﺪوء وأﻗﻞ ﺗﻮﺗﺮاﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﳉﻐﻚﻗﳊءﳒﺒـﻦ ﻳـﺤـﺮﻣـﻮن ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﺬه اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒـﺘـﻌـﺔ. ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻮﻟﻮد اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔ. وﻟﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﻨﺎ أن

41 اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻮﻻدة tehmarbuta)(nal/yehmed(al/seen(n(t(al/ale))(nal/ka)med(al/a(nmed(al/noon(n(t(al/lamw(thale)(solated/ale)(solated /tehmarbuta)(nal/beh(n(t(al/ale))(nal/jeemmed(al/tehmed(al/seen(n(t(al/lamw(thale)(solated/ale)(solated /meem)(nal/seen(n(t(al/ale)(solated/yehw(threh)(nal/thehmed(al/lamw(thmeem(n(t(al/ale)(solated/tehmarbuta)(nal/beh(n(t(al/ale))(nal/jeemmed(al/tehmed(al/seen(n(t(al/lamw(thale)(solated/ale)(solated/waw)(nal/meemmed(al/noonmed(al/lam(n(t(al/ale)(solated /reh(solated/ale))(nal/seenmed(al/meem(n(t(al/tehmarbuta)(nal/)ehmed(al/yehmed(al/zah(n(t(al/waw)(nal/lam(n(t(al/ale)(solated /meem)(nal/yehw(thhamzaabove(n(t(al/ale)(solated/dal(solated/teh(solated/ale)(solated/yehw(threh)(nal/thehmed(al/lamw(thmeem(n(t(al/ale)(solated /noon)(nal/meem(n(t(al /yehw(thnoon)(nal/noonmed(al/yehmed(al/a(nmed(al/lam(n(t(al/ale)(solated /tehmarbuta)(nal/yeh(n(t(al/ale))(nal/hahw(thmeem(n(t(al /tehmarbuta)(nal/yeh(n(t(al/waw)(nal/qa)med(al/lam(n(t(al/ale)(solated /yeh)(nal/lammed(al/dadmed(al/a(nmed(al/lam(n(t(al/ale)(solated /reh)(nal/teh(n(t(al/waw)(nal/lam(n(t(al/ale)(solated /ale)maksura)(nal/lammed(al/a(n(n(t(al /tehmarbuta)(nal/)ehmed(al/yehmed(al/)ehmed(al/khah(n(t(al /tehmarbuta)(nal/beh(n(t(al/reh)(nal/dad(n(t(al/a(n)(nal/yeh(n(t(al/reh)(nal/seen(n(t(al /dal(solated/ale)(solated/dal)(nal/tehmed(al/meem(n(t(al/ale)(solated /waw(solated/ale)w(thhamzaabove(solated /tehmarbuta)(nal/dad(n(t(al/ale))(nal/)ehmed(al/tehmed(al/noon(n(t(al/ale)(solated/yehw(thnoon)(nal/meem(n(t(al/waw)(nal/yeh(n(t(al /lam(solated/waw(solated/ale)w(thhamzaabove(solated /)ehw(thyeh(solated /ale))(nal/hah(n(t(al/waw)(nal/dad(n(t(al/waw(solated /reh)(nal/thehmed(al/ka)(n(t(al/ale)(solated/yeh(solated/thal)(nal/lam(n(t(al/ale)(solated /dal)(nal/yehmed(al/lam(n(t(al/waw)(nal/lam(n(t(al/ale)(solated /)ehw(thyeh(solated /tehmarbuta)(nal/hahmed(al/dad(n(t(al/ale)(solated/waw(solated /yehw(threh)(nal/gha(n(n(t(al /tehmarbuta)(nal/behmed(al/ka)(n(t(al/reh)(nal/lam(n(t(al/ale)(solated /teh)(nal/tehw(thhah(n(t(al/tehmarbuta)(nal/behmed(al/ka)(n(t(al/reh)(nal/lammed(al/lam(n(t(al/tehmarbuta(solated/ale))(nal/yehmed(al/lamw(thhah(n(t(al/ale)(solated /noon)(nal/meem(n(t(al/tehmarbuta)(nal/yehmed(al/lammed(al/dadmed(al/a(n(n(t(al /dad(solated/ale)(solated/reh)(nal/meem(n(t(al/ale)w(thhamzaabove(solated /heh)(nal/yeh(n(t(al/dal)(nal/lam(n(t(al

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)(solated /)ehw(thyeh(solated /a(n)(nal/behmed(al/sad(n(t(al/lamw(thale)hamzaabove(solatedd/ale)(solated /a(n)(nal/dad(n(t(al/waw(solated /sad)(nal/lamw(thmeem(n(t(al/ale)(solated /hamza(solated/ale))(nal/lamw(thmeem(n(t(al/ale)(solated /)ehw(thyeh(solated /lam)(nal/)ehmed(al/tahmed(al/lam(n(t(al/ale)(solated /a(n)(nal/dad(n(t(al/waw(solated /tehmarbuta)(nal/hah(n(t(al/ale))(nal/behmed(al/seenmed(al/lam(n(t(al/ale)(solated

42 اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻣﺮآة اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻧﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ دراﺳﺎت ﻋﺪﻳﺪة أﻛﺪت أن ﺣﺮﻣﺎن اﻟﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﺮﺿـﺎﻋـﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻗـﺪ ﻳﻄﻮر ﺟﻬﺎزا ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺎ ﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋﳊﺒﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ أن اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻮاﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﺮﻣﻮن ﻣﻦ دفء ﺻﺪر اﻷم أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮن أﻗﻞ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ. وﺳﻮ ﻧﺘـﻨـﺎول اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔ وأﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺎب. وﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﻪ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺺ واﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻘﻮاﻧﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ زﻳﺎدة ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒـﺺﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وزﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﺂزر اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ اﳊﺮﻛﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔ أو اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺺﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻓﺎﳊﻠـﻴـﺐ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺄة ﻃﻴﺒﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒـﺺ واﻟـﻀـﻐـﻂ ﻣـﻌـﺎﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳـﺪﻋـﻢ ﻛـﺬﻟـﻚ ﻋﺎدات أﺧﺮى ﻛﺎﻟﻘﺒﺾ واﻹﻣﺴﺎك ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ أو اﻟﺜﺪي. اﻟﺒﻜﺎء: ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎل اﻵﺑﺎء ﻛﺜﻴﺮا ﺑﻜﺎء اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ. وﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع -٥١ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻵراء. ﻓﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻳﺮى ﺗﺮك اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﺒﻜﻲ ﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺪة ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ دﻗﻴﻘﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﻮي ﻋﻀـﻼت اﻟـﺼـﺪر واﻟـﺮﺋـﺘـﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ واﻟـﺒـﻌـﺾ ﻳـﺮى أن٥٢ ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻮرا ﻟﺒﻜﺎء اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﻪ داﻓﻊ ﻛﺎﳉﻮعﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ أو اﻷﻟﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﰋ ﻋﻦ أي ﺳﺒﺐ آﺧﺮ. وﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻷﻣﻬﺎت ﻋﺎدة ﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋذﺋﺒﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟـﺼـﻴـﺤـﺎت وأﺳﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ. ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﻠﺠﻮع أو اﻷﻟﻢ. وﺳﻮف ﻧﺘﻨﺎول ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ رﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺮﺣﻠﺔ. وﻫﻨﺎك أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻴﺎح أو اﻟﺼﺮاخ أو اﻟﺒﻜﺎء. - ﺑﻜﺎء اﻟﻮﻻدة وﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ أو ﻟﺒﻀﻊ ﺛﻮان ﺑﻌﺪ أﺧﺬ ﻧﻔﺴﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ ﻋﻤـﻴـﻘـﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ١ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﺎن أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ آﻻﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ. - اﻟﺒﻜﺎء اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﳉﻮعﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺴﻤﻊ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻀـﻊ ﺳـﺎﻋـﺎت ﻣـﻦ٢ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت(.٤- ٢اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ )ﻣﻦ - اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت ﺑﻜﺎء اﻷﻟﻢﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وأﻣﻜﻦ دراﺳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ آﻻم اﻟﺸـﻚ ﺑـﺎﻹﺑـﺮة أو٣ ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻘﻦﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻫﻲ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﻳﻌﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﺻﻤﺖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺛﻢ ﺑﻜﺎء ﻣﺮة ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﻌﺎدة اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺗﺮ ﻋﻀﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺟﻪ وﺗﻘﻠﺼـﺎت ﻋـﺪﻳـﺪة ﻓـﻲ ﻋﻀﻼت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳉﺴﻢ. - ﺑﻜﺎء اﻟﻐﻀﺐ وﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺒﻜﺎء اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ دﻓـﻊ اﻟـﻬـﻮاء ﻋـﺒـﺮ٤ اﻷﺣﺒﺎل اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ. ﻫﺬا وﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺎء اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻲ اﻟﻮﻻدة أﺳﻠﻮﺑﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ. وﻟـﺬﻟـﻚ ﳒﺪ أن اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻬﺎت واﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺮﺑﻴﺎت ﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋﳊﺒﻜﻨﻬﻦ أن ﻳﺘﺒﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ داﻓﻊ اﻟﺒﻜﺎء وﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻪ.

43 اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻮﻻدة وﻳﻬﻢ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺮﺑﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ أو اﻵﺑﺎء إﻳﻘﺎف اﻟﺒﻜﺎءﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻟﺼﺎﳊﻬﻢ أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ أﺧﺮى. وﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ أوﻻ ﺑﺎﻹﻃﻌﺎمﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻓﺈن ﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﻔـﻊ ﻓـﺒـﺎﺳـﺘـﻌـﻤـﺎل اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒـﺺ. وﻗـﺪ وﺟﺪ أن ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳉﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻼإرادي. وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻳﺮون أﻻ ﻳﺴـﺘـﺠـﻴـﺐ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒـﺴـﺌـﻮﻟـﻮن ﻋـﻦ رﻋـﺎﻳـﺔ اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﺒﻜﺎﺋﻪ ﺑﻬﺬه اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وذﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻋـﺎدة اﻟـﺒـﻜـﺎء ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻹﺷﺒﺎع اﳊﺎﺟﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻀـﺮورﻳـﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺧـﺼـﻮﺻـﺎ وأن اﻟـﻮﻟـﻴـﺪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺑـﻌـﺪ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻮد اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق ﺑﺎﻷم أو اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺮﺑﻴﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﻜﺎءﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻋﺎدةﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻛﺄﺳﻠﻮب ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﺻﺤﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻪ أو اﺣﺘﻀﺎﻧـﻬـﺎ إﻳـﺎه. وﻗـﺪ ﻳـﺘـﻌـﺮض اﻟـﻄـﻔـﻞ ﺑـﻌـﺪ ذﻟـﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻣﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻷم ﻟﻈﺮوف ﺧﺎرﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ إرادﺗﻬﺎﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ رﻋﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺷﺎﻗﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻃﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻌﻀﻮي ﺑﻴﻨﻪ وﺑﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ اﻷم ﺑﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ. ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻢ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻮاﻟﻴﺪ ﻋﺎدة اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﻜﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ اﻹﺣﺒﺎط ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ. وإذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك أﺳﺒﺎب ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺒﻜﺎء اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻳـﻌـﺘـﺒـﺮ ﻋـﺎدة ﻇـﺎﻫـﺮة ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪةﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ واﻟﺘﺪﻟﻴﻞ واﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﺣﺘﻀـﺎن اﻟـﻮﻟـﻴـﺪﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻣـﻊ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺪه ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل واﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎل اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﻋـﻦ دفء ﺻـﺪر اﻷم. ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻌﺎﻟـﺞ ﺑـﺸـﻜـﻞ أﻛـﺜـﺮ ﺗـﻔـﺼـﻴـﻼ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺎب. اﳊﻮاس ﻟﺪى اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻮﻻدة: ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺮى وﻣﺎذا ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ذﻟﻚ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻮﻟﻮد اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ اﻟﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﻤﺠﻌﺪ اﳉﻠﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻷي ﻛﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟـﺒـﻜـﺎء? ﻫـﻞ ﻳـﺸـﻢﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻫـﻞ ﻳـﺘـﺬوق? ﻣـﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺧـﻮاص اﻟـﻌـﺎﻟـﻢ اﶈﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻔﺖ اﻧﺘﺒﺎﻫﻪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ? ﻫﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل وﻟﻴﻢ ﺟﻴﻤﺲﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﺧﻠﻴﻄﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻮات واﻷﺿﻮاء ﻏﻴﺮ اﶈﺪدة?- ) ABig booming buz-zing confusion( اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﺆال اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻲ. ﻓﺎﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓـﻲ ﺧـﻼل اﳋﻤﺴﺔ أو اﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ أﻳﺎم اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻴﻼد ﻳﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﻠﺺ ﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋذﺋﺒﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻨﺔ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻴﻼدﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﺑﺪأ ﻳﺤﺲ وﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋﳊﺒﻴﺰ ﻋﺎﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻮات واﻷﺿﻮاء واﻟـﺮواﺋـﺢﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻳـﺨـﺘـﻠـﻒ ﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋذﺋﺒﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ أﺛﻨﺎء وﺟﻮده ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺣﻢ.