صناعة الجوع

352 ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﳉﻮع and R. J. Harrison (Lon. don: Centre for African Studies, 1973), pp. 71- 79; Douglas L Johnson, ‘The Response of Pastoral Nomads to Drought in the Absence of Outside Intervention, ‘ paper commissioned by ;1973, the United Nations Special Sahelian Office, 19 December F. Fraser Darling and M. T. Farvar, ‘Ecological Consequences ;of Sedentarization of Nomads,’ in the Careless Technology, D. J. Stenning, Savannah Nomads. Oxford University Press. 1959, London. 8.. Ibid., especially Stenning 9.. Helen Ware, ‘The Sahelian Drought: Some Thoughts on the-Future,’ Special Sabelian Office, Food and Agriculture Organ. ization, 26 March 1975, especially 3ff ‘, 10.. Claire Sterling, ‘The Making of the Sub-Saharan Wasteland. 105- 98 1974 Atlantic Monthly, May. 11. Ibid- 12- Eduardo Cruz de Carvalho, ‘ ‘’Traditional‘’ and Modern‘’ Pat terns of Cattle Raising: A Critical Evaluation of Change from Pastoralism to Ranching,’ The Journal of Developing Areas. 1974 8 January The Tsetse Fly: A Blessing or a‘ضﻻﻊﻻﺟﲡ 13- Frank L. Lambrecht. Curse?’ in The Careless Technology, 72ff. and 775ff 14. Frances M. Foland, ‘A profile of Amazonia,’ Journal of Inter. America Studies and World Affairs, January 1971: 72ff, 15. Cited in Vic Cox, ‘Brazil: The Amazon Gamble,’ The Nation. 328: 1975 11 October 16. Dr Nelson Chaves, Head of the Nutrition institute at the. University of Pernambuco- 17. World Environment Report, Center for EnvironmentaL Infor. 1975 mation, New York, l, no. 8, 12 May ‘, 18. Jose S. Da Veiga, ‘Quand les multinationales font du ranching. 12: 1975 Le Monde Diplomatique, September. 13. 19. Ibid., p اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﳋﺎﻣﺲ . ١- ٢٧٩١: US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Statistics , 650 Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., Tables. 759 755, and: 2. Lester Brown with Erick Eckholm, By Bread Alone, New York. 60. Praeger, 1974, p 3. Helen Bryant, Fertilizer: Part of the Solution, or Part of the Problem? War on Want, London, 1975. Quoting Edwin Weheler, President of the Fertilizer institute, at its annual. 1975 meeting, 3 February, 4. Joe Belden with Gregg Forte, Toward a National Food Policy-Exploratory Project for Economic Alternatives, 1519 Con neticut Ave, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, p. 132, citing. 210. USDA Agricultural Statistics, 1974, p

353 اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس: × أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ أﻓﻼم اﻟﺮﻋﺐ. واﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮة اﳋﺎرﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ اكضﺠج إﻟﻰ اﳊﻴﺎة ﻓﻲ دﻳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻔﻮدو-م. . J .P .1. Hrabovszky, Senior Policy and Planning Coordinator Agriculture Department, FAO, Rome, letter dated 18 March 1976, quoting Dr W. R. Furtick, Chief, Plant Protection. Service 2. Teodoro Boza Barducci, ‘Ecological Consequences of Pesti, cides Used for the Control of Cotton Insects in Canete Valley Peru,’ in Carless Technology, Ecology and International, Development, eds. M. Taghi Farvar and Jobn P. Milton. Natural History Press, Garden City N.J., 1972, 423ff 3. M. Taghi Farvar, ‘Relationship Between Ecological and Social Systems,’ speech delivered to EARTHCARE conference, New. 4. York, 6 June 1975, p ‘,4. M. Taghi Farvar, ‘EcologicaL Implications of Insect control, Centre for the Study of Biological Systems, Research Report. 8- 6. 6 February 1970, pp. 11. 5. Farvar, ‘Ecological implications of Insect Control,’ p 6. Robert F. Luck et. al, ‘Chemical insect Control, A Troubled. 1977, Pest Management Strategy,’ BioScience. 15. 7. Farvar, ‘Ecological Implications of Insect control,’ 1970, p 8. Erick Eckholm and S. Jacob Scherr, ‘Double Standards and. the Pesticide Trade,’ New Scientist, 16 February 1978, p. 440ff. 39. 9. New York Times, 5 December 1976, p. 443. 10. Eckholm, p, 11. Farvar, ‘Relationship Between Ecological and Social Systems. 4. 1975, p. 100. 12. Farvar, ‘Ecological Implications of Insect control,’ 1970, p .22: (1975 13. Environment 17)April / May. 12. 14. New York Times, 6 February 1976, p ‘ 15. Richard Franke, ‘The Green Revolution in a Javanese village-Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard Uni. versity, 1972, 39ff 16. See James S. Turner, A Chemical Feast: Report on the Food, (and Druug Administration)Ralph Nader Study Group Reports Grossman, New York, 1970, for a study of the influence in government of the chemical and drug companies: David, 15 Pimentel, ‘Realities of a Pesticide Ban,’ Environment. March 1973, gives extensive reference notes, 17. Fred Willman, ‘Biogradable Pesticides,’ R. F. Illustrated. 5: 1975 Rockefeller Foundation, 2, 1, March- 18. Environmental Protection Agency, ‘Strategy of the Environ mental Protection Agency for Controlling the Adverse Effects of Pesticides,’ EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Water and Hazardous Materials, Washington D.C. 36pp cited. 1977, by Pimentel.

354 ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﳉﻮع 19. Ibid 20. David Burnham, ‘Pesticide Work Suggested for Those Seeking. 1977 Sterility,’ New York Times, 27 September. 21. The New York Times, 14 February 1975, citing Dr G. M. Woodwell, Marine Biology Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass 22. ‘Man‘s Impact on the Global Environment,’ Report of the Study of Critical Environment Problems, Massachusetts institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass, 1970, cited by, 1976, Erik Eckholm, Losing Ground, Norton, New York. 162. p, 17 23. Martin Brown, ‘An Orange is an Orange,’ Environment. July / August 1975: 6ff 24. Van den Bosch, et. al., ‘investigation of the Effects of Food-Standards on Pesticide Use,’ Draft Report, Environmental Pro, 1977, tection Agency, Washington D.C., cited by Pimentel. 180. p. 25. Pimentel, 1977, p. 178ff 26. Michael Jacobson, ‘Agriculture‘s New Hero: IPM,’ Nutrition. 4. Action, January 1978, p 27. New York Times, 6 February 1976, p. 12 28. Ibid. citing National Academy of Sciences 1976 study- 29. Smith and Reynolds, ‘Effects of Manipulation of Cotton Agro. 389. Systems on Insect Pest Populations,’ p 30. A. Ayanaba and B. N. Okigbo, ‘Mulching for improved Soil, Fertility and Crop Production,’ Organic Materials as Fertilizers-Soils Bulletin 27, Swedish international Development Auth. 101. ority and FAO, Rome, 1975, p 31. Pesticides, The Journal of the Indian Pesticides industry, Feb. ruary 1968, see entire issue 32. Personal communication of L. More and T. F. Watson with, Dr Robert van den Bosch, Division of Biological Control University of California, Berkeley, cited in Dr van den Bosch‘s. The Politics of Pesticides,’ speech‘- 33. Richard Norgaard, ‘Evaluation of Pest Management Pro grams for Cotton in California and Arizona,’ Appendix C, in Evaluation of Pest Management Programs for Cotton, Peanuts and Tobacco, Rosemarie von Rumker, consultant-RVR Project 66, Contact #EQ4Ac036, environmental Pro. tection Agency and the Council on Environmental Quality. October, 1975; see also D. C. Hall, R. B. Norgaard, and P. K-True, ‘The Performance of independent Pest Management Con-sultants in San Joaquin Cotton and Citrus,’ in California Aagri-culture, Division of agricultural Sciences, University of Cali. 1975 fornia, 29 October 34. John S. Steinhart and Carol E. Steinhart, ‘Energy Use in the. 4- 3 ;1974 U.S Food System,’ Science, April: 35. Erich H. Jacoby, The Green Revolution in China)Geneva. 12- 11. UNRISD, 18 December, 1973, pp 36. Robert F. Luck et al., ‘Chemical insect Control, A Troubled: 1977. Pest Management Strategy,’ BioScience 27, no. 9, Sept. 611- 606

355 اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ 37. Robert van den Bosch, The Pesticide Conspiracy Doubleday. 1978, and Company, New York 38. Peter Feldman and David Lawrence, ‘Social and Economic-Implementations of the Large-Scale introduction of New Vari: eties of Foodgrains,’ Africa Report, Preliminary draft Geneva. UNRISD, 1975, pp. 198ff ﻫﻮاﻣﺶ اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ .١M .Ganzin, ‘Pour entrer dans une ere de justice alimentaire UNESCO Courrier May 1975, cited by Susan George, How the. 139. Other Half Dies, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1976, p: 2. ‘Famine-Risk and Famine Prevention in the Modern World ‘Studies of food systems under conditions of recurrent scarcity. 36. UNRISD, Geneva: June 976, p 3. Famine inquiry Commission, Report on Bengal, Government. 28. of India Publication, Delhi, 1945, p. 198, 106. 4. Famine inquiry Commission, Report, pp- 5. George Blyn, Agricultural Trends in India, 1891- 1947, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1966, p. 102, cited-by Gail Omvedt in ‘The Political Economy of Starvation,’ un. 1974. published manuscript 94- 1893, 6. George Blyn, The Agricultural Crops of India, to 1945- 46 University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. 1951- 7. Lester Brown and Gail Finsterbusch, Man and His Environment: Food, Harper and Row, New York, 1972, p. 7, cited ‘.by Omvedt, ‘Political Economy of Starvation, 8. Special Publication of the American Geographical Society. 1. No. 6. p 9. The Report of the American Red Cross Commission to China. 1929 ARC 270, October- 10. Joseph Needham, ‘The Nature of Chinese Society: A Technical interpretation.’ a public lecture published in University, of Hong Kong Gazette, 15 May 1974, cited by Harry Magdoff China: Contrasts with the U.S.S.R.,’ in ‘China‘s Economic‘. 16- 15: 1975 Strategy,’ Monthly Review 27, July-August. 11. China Reconstructs, 23, no. 2, 2ff 12. Richard Greenhill, ‘Coping,’ New Internationalist, June. 15- 14. 1973 13. China Reconstructs, 23, no. 2, 2ff. 14. A. de Vajda, Senior Advisor, FAO, Rome ‘. 15. Greenhill, ‘Coping اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ 1. US Agency for International Development, Office of Science-and Technology, Desert, Encroachment on Arable Lands: Significance, Causes and Control (TA / OST 72- 10) Government. (1972 Printing Office,)Washington, D.C.: August 1. Douglas L. Johnson, ‘The Response of Pastoral Nomads to-Drought in the Absence of Outside

356 ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﳉﻮع intervention,’ paper com 19, missioned by the United Nations Special Sahelian Office. 3. December 1973, p 2. Helen Ware, ‘The Sahelian Drought: Some Thoughts on the Future,’ paper commissioned by the United Nations Special. Sahelian Office, 26 March 1975, especially pp. 2ff 3. A. T. Grove, ‘Desertification in the African Enviroment,’ in David Dalby and R. J. Harrison, Drought in Africa Centre for. 45- 33. African Studies, London: 1973, pp 4. Christian Science Monitor, quoted in Environment 1 December. 1974 5. D. Stamp, ‘Some Conclusions,’ in A History of Land Use in . (1961, Avid Regions) Paris: UNESCO, 6. Thurston Clarke, The Last Caravan: Putnam, New York. 90-84, 7. 1978, pp 7. ‘Les ravages de la culture du coton,’ Le Monde Diplomatique. 11: 1976 May 8. Claude Raynaut, ‘Le Cas de la region de Maradi (Niger), in: Secheresses et Famines du Sahel Francois Maspero, Paris. 18- 8. 1975, especiaIly pp, 9. Calculations based on Food and Agriculture Organization. 1974, Yearbook of International Trade Statistics 10. Food and Agriculture Organization, Production Yearbook. 1975 .1975, 11. Food and Agriculture Organization, Trade Yearbook. 1975, 12. Ibid., and Production Yearbook 13. Personal communication from Dr Thierry Brun, Institut, National de la Sante, Hospital Bichat, Paris, 17 November. 1975 ‘, 14. Lofchie, ‘Political and Economic Origins of African Hunger. pp. 554 and 561ff, 15. Food and Agriculture Organization, Trade Yearbook. 1975, 16. ‘Social Institutions,’ a study by the UN Special Sahelian Office. 80. March 28, 1974, p, 17. Calculations based on the Food and Agriculture Organization. 1974, Yearbook of International Trade Statistics 18. Interview with Dr Marcel Ganzin, Director, Food Policy and. 1976, Nutrition Division, FAO, 20 April 19. Letter from Dr Marcel Ganzin, Director, Food Policy and Nutrition Division, FAO, dated 18 December 1975, (emphasis).added ﻫﻮاﻣﺶ اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ × ×× 1. Radha Sinha, Food and Poverty, Holmes and Merier, New. 26. York: 1976, p 25 2. John Stuart Mill,

357 اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ Political Economy, Book 3, Chapter. (emphasis added) 3- Peter Feldman and David Lawrence, ‘Social and Economic. ل3 implications of the Large-Scale introduction of New Varieties, of Foodgrains,’ Africa Report, preliminary draft UNRISD. 108- 107. Geneva: 1975, pp 4. Edgar Owens, The Right Side of History, unpublished manu. 1976, script 5. Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa Bogle. 172- 171. L‘ Ouverture Publications, 1972, pp: 6. Ferdinand Ossendowski, Staves of the Sun, Dutton, New York. 276. 1928, p. 172- 171. 7. Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, pp. 181. 8. Ibid. p. 185. 9. Ibid. p. 184. 10. Ibid. p. 186. 11. Ibid. p 12. George L. Beckford, Persistent Poverty: Underdevelopment in Plantation Economies of the Third World: Oxford University. 99. Press New York, 1972, p 13. Ibid., p. 99, quoting from Erich Jacoby, Agrarian Unrest in, 1961, Southeast Asia, New York: Asia Publishing House. 66. p ‘, 14. Feldman and Lawrence, ‘Social and Economic implications. 103. p - 15. Special Sahelian Office Report, Food and Agriculture Organ. 89- 88. ization, 28 March, 1974, pp 16. Alan Adamson, Sugar Without Staves: The Political Economy of British Guiana, 1838- 1904 Yale University Press, New. 41. Haven and London: 1972, p: 17. Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery Putnam, New York. 110. 1966, p. 121. 18. Ibid., p: 19. Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama, vol. 1 Pantheon, New York. 449- 448. 1966, pp 20. Feldman and Lawrence, ‘Social and Economic implications. 189. p اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ × 1. Eduardo Galeno, Open Veins in Latin America: Five Centuries: of the Pillage of a Continent Monthly Review, New York. 282. 1973, p 2. George Beckford, Persistent Poverty: Underdevelopment in Plantation Economies of the Third World Oxford University. 82. Press, New York, 1972, p 3. Robert E. Gamer, The Developing Nations, A Comparative. 2 Perspective Allyn and Bacon, Boston: 1976, Chapter 4. Edgar Owens and Robert Shaw, Development Reconsidered Heath, Lexington, Mass.: 1972, p. 150; also see Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama, vol. 1 Pantheon, New York, 1966, part. 10 III, Chapter: 5. Francine R. Frankel, ‘The Politics of the Green Revolution Shifting Patterns of Peasant Participation in India and Pakistan, ‘ in Food, Population and Employment, eds., Thomas, T. Poleman and Donald

358 ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﳉﻮع K. Freebairn, Praeger, New York. 124. 1973, p 6. Thomas P. Melady and R. B. Suhartono, Development: Lessons. 209. for the Future Orbis, Maryknoll, New York, 1973, p ﻫﻮاﻣﺶ اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﳊﺎدي ﻋﺸﺮ .٤١ 1. Radba Sinha, Food and Povert Holmes and Meier, New York. 7. 1976, p 2. Cynthia Hewitt de Alcantara, ‘A Commentary on the Satis faction of Basic Needs in Mexico, 1917- 1975,’ Prepared by the. 9 Dag Hammerskjold Foundation, May 7, 1975, pp. 1 and 3. Cynthia Hewitt de Alcantara, ‘The Green Revolution as His. 26- 25: 1974- 1973 2, 5, tory,’ Development and Change 4. Hewitt de Alcantara, ‘Commentary on the Satisfaction of. 10. Basic Needs,’ p 5. Hewitt de Alcantara, ‘The Social and Economic implications-of the Large-Scale introduction of New Varieties of Food: grains,’ Country Report-Mexico UNDP / UNRISD, Geneva. 30. 1974, p. 19. 6. Ibid., p. 156. 7. Ibid., p: 1975,. 8. ‘Mexico: Roosting Chickens,’ Latin America 28 Nov. 375 9. Andrew Pearse, ‘Social and Economic implications of the ‘,Large-Scale introduction of New Varieties of Foodgrains. 20- Part 4, UNDP/ UNRISD, pp. Xl-19, Xl 10. Cited in Keith Griffin, The Political Economy of Agrarian, 1974: . Change Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 55. p 11. Ingrid Palmer, Science and Agricultural Production UNRISD. 7- 6. Geneva: 1972, pp 12. World Bank, The Assault on World Poverty-Problems of Rural Development, Education, and Health: Johns Hopkins. 133- 132. University Press, Baltimore, 1975, pp 13. Andrew Pearse, ‘Social and Economic implications of the, Large-Scale introduction of the New Varieties of Foodgrains. 7- Part 2 UNDP/ UNRISD, Geneva: 1975, p. ll. 14. S. Ahmed and S. Abu Khalid, ‘Why did Mexican Duwarf Wheat . 215- 211: 23 Decline in Pakistan?’ World Crops 15. Charles Elliott, Patterns of Poverty in the Third World-A: Study of Social and Economic Stratification, New York. 48- 47. Praeger, 1975, pp, 16. North London Haslemere, The Death of the Green Revolution, Haslemere Declaration Group; London: Third World First. 4. Oxford: p 17. Victor McElheny, ‘Nations Demand Agricultural Aid,’ New. 20. York Times, 3 Aug. 1975, p 18. Keith Griffin, The Political Economy of Agrarian Change. 205. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.: 1974, p-111.

359 اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ 19. Pearse, ‘Social and Economic implications,’ Part I, pp. 118 20. Nicholas Wade, ‘Green Revolution I: A Just Technology. 1096- 1093: 1974. Often Unjust in Use,’ Science Dec, 52 - 21. Pearse, ‘Social and Economic implications,’ Part 4, pp. Xl. 53- XI, 23 - 22. Pearse, ‘Social and Economic implications,’ Part 3, pp. IX. 24- IX. 47. 23. Palmer, Science and Agricultural Production, p, 24. Erich M. Jacoby, The ‘Green Revolution‘ in China, UNRISD. 6. Geneva: 1974, p- 25. Food and Agricultural Organization, Report on China‘s Agri. 145- 144. culture, prepared by H. V. Henle, 1974, pp اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ 1. Erna Bennett, Department of Plant Genetics, FAO, Rome. 1976 personal communication, April: 2. Francine R. Frankel, ‘The Politics of the Green Revolution Shifting Patterns of Peasant Participation in India and-Pakistan,’ in Food, Population, and Employment-The Impact of the Green Revolution, eds., Thomas T. Poleman and. 133. Donald K. Freebairn Praeger, New York, 1973, p 3. Joan Mencher, ‘Conflicts and Contradictions in the>Green-Revolution<: The Case of Tamil Nadu,’ Economic and Poli. 315 tical Weekly 9, nos. 6, 7, 8, February 1974: especially 4. ‘Tamil Nadu-Starvation Deaths in a Surplus State, ‘Economic 348: 1975 and Political Weekly 10, 22 February ‘, 5. H. P. Singh, ‘Plight of Agricultural Labourers. ll, A Review. 283: 1971 Economic Affairs 16 June 6. Wolf Ladejinsky, ‘Ironies of India‘s Green Revolution,’ Foreign. 762: 1970 Affairs July 7. Robert d‘ A Shaw ‘The Employment Implications of the Green:. Revolution,’ Overseas Development Council Washington, D.C. 20- 3. 1970, pp- 8. A. Eugene Havens and William Flinn. Green Revolution Technology-Structural Aspects of its Adoption and Consequences. 25. UNRISD, Geneva, 1975, p. 35. 9. Ibid., p- 10. Keith Griffin, Land Concentration and Rural Poverty, Mac. 74. Milan, New York, 1976, p - ll. Cynthia Hewitt de Alcantara,’Social and Economic Impli cations of the Large-Scale Introduction of New varieties of, Foodgrains,’ Country Report-Mexico UNDP / UNRlSD. 148. Geneva 1974, p- 12. Gordon Gemmill and Carl K. Eicher, ‘A Framework for Re-scarch on the Economics of Farm Mechanization in Develop, 6. ing Countries,’ African Rural Employment Paper no African Rural Employment Research Network, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, East. 33- 32. Lansing, Michigan, 1973, pp- 13. Susan George, How the Other Half Dies: Penguin, Harmonds. 1976 voHh‘: 14. Edgar Owens and Robert Shaw, Development Reconsidered, Bridging the Gap Between Government and People: Heath. 74. Lexington, Massachusetts, 1972, p

360 ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﳉﻮع 15. Food and Agriculture Organization, Agricultural Development and Employment Performance and Planning: A Comparative, 100. Analysis, Agricultural Planning Studies, no. 18, 1974, pp. 102. 36- 7. 16. A. R. Khan, ‘Poverty and inequality in Bangladesh,’ pp- 17.For further discussion of women‘s issues, see Mary Rood kowsky and Lisa Leghorn, Who Really Starves? Women and. 1977, World Hunger, Friendship Press, New York, NY ‘, 18. A. R. Khan, ‘Growth and inequality in the Rural Philippines . 24- 11, 13- 11. in Povery and Landlessness in Rural Asia, pp 19. A. R. Khan, ‘Poverty and Inequality in Bangladesh,’ in Poverty. 22- 7, 21- 7. and Landlessness in Rural Asia, pp 20. E. Lee, ‘Rural Poverty in Sri Lanka, 1963- 1973,’ in Poverty. 13- 8. and Landlessness in Rural Asia, pp 21. Robert J. Ledogar, Hungry for Profus: U.S. Food and Drugs,. Multinationals in Latin America, IDOC / North America Inc. 96. New York, 1975, p. 8: 1976 22. Ceres, May-June 23. Ray Goldberg, Agribusiness Management for the Developing, 1974, Countries-Latin America, Ballinger, Cambridge, Mass. 87. p. 2. 24. New York Times, 3 March 1976. p اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ » ﻣﺤﺎﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ اﻷوﻓﺮ ﻗﻤﺘﻬﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺛﻘﻼ ×× 1. Jon Tinker, ‘How the Boran Wereng Did a Red Khmer on the. 316: 1975, Green Revolution,’ New Scientist 7 August - 2. Nicholas Wade, ‘Green Revolution (II): Problems of Adapt: 1974 ing a Western Technology,’ Science, 186, 27 December. 1187- 1186 7, 3. John Prester, ‘The Green Revolution Turns Sour,’ Reports. 1974, December 4. Andrew Pearse, ‘Social and Economic implications of the ‘,Large-Scale introduction of the New Varieties of Foodgrains. 9- Part I: UNDP/ UNRISD, Geneva, 1975, pp. II-8, II. 1974, 5. Des Moines Register, 17 April. 6. Ibid- 7. D. H. Timothy and M. M. Goodman, ‘Plant Germ Plasm Re sources-Future Feast or Famine? ‘ paper, Journal Series of the North Carolina State University Agricultural Experiment Station, cites P. C. Mangelsdorf, Proceedings of the National, Academy of Science (1966): 56, 370; and H. Garrison Wilkes, 171, Too Little Gene Exchange,’ letter to the editor of Science‘. 955: 1971 12 March ‘, 8. H. Garrison Wilkes and Susan Wilkes, ‘The Green Revolution. 33: 1972 Environment, 14 October

361 اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ 9. Robert A. Ginskey, ‘Sowing the Seeds of Disaster?’ The Plain Truth 61, June 1976: 35, quoting Wilkes. 10. Ibid. 1191. 11. Wade, ‘Green Revolution‘ p 12. Bettina Conner, ‘Seed Monopoly,’ Elements: Transnational. 1975 Institute for Policy Studies, Washington, D.C., February. 13. Ibid 14. Frank B. Viets, Jr., and Samuel R. Aldrich, ‘The Sources of-Nitrogen for Food and Meat Production,’ in Sources of Nitro genous Compounds and Methods of Control, Environmental. Protection Agency Monograph, p. 67, 73ff- 15. William Brune, State Conservationist, Soil Conservation Ser vice, 823 Federal Building, Des Moines, Iowa, 50309, testimony, before the Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. 1976 July, 16. Ramon Garcia, ‘Some Aspects on World Fertilizer Production. 1975, Consumption and Usage,’ paper, University of Iowa 17. Swedish International Development Agency and Food and ‘,Agriculture Organization, ‘Organic Materials as Fertilizers. 1975, 27 Soils Bulletin اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ×Luddite ﻧﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ أواﺋﻞ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﻤﺪت إﻟﻰ ﲢﻄﻴﻢ اﻵﻻت ﺧﻮﻓﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻳﺪي اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ. وأﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺎد ﻟﻶﻻت-م. 1. Robert d‘ A. Shaw, Jobs and Agricultural Development-Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, mono. 35- 34. graph no. 3, 1970, pp 2. Andrew Pearse, ‘Social and Economic Implications of the ‘,Large-Scale Introduction of New Varieties of Foodgrains. 12- Part 3: UNDP/ UNRISD, Geneva, 1975, p. IX 3. T. J. Byres, ‘The Dialectic of India‘s Green Revolution,’ South. 109: 1972 Asian Review 5, January 4. Donald K. Freebairn, ‘Income Disparities in the Agricultural-Sector: Regional and Institutional Stresses,’ in Food, Popula, tion, and Employment-The Impact of the Green Revolution Thomas Poleman and Donald Freebairn, eds. Praeger, New. 108. York: 1973, p 5.International Labour Office, Mechanization and Employment. 8. in Agriculture, Geneva, 1974, p 6.S. R. Bose and E. H. Clark, ‘Some Basic Considerations on-Agricultural Mechanization in West Pakistan,’ Pakistan Dev elopment Review 9, 3 (Autumn 1969), cited by Owens and Shaw, Development Reconsidered: Bridging the Gap Between Government and People: Heath, Lexington, Massachusetts. 62. 1972, p 7. Randolph Barker et al., ‘Employment and Technological-Change in Philippine Agriculture,’ International Labour Re. 130: 1972 view 106, 2- 3 August-September

362 ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﳉﻮع 8. Frank C. Child, and Hiromitsu Kaneda, ‘Links to the Green Revolution: A Study of Small-Scale, Agriculturally-Related Industry in the Punjab,’ Economic Development and Cultural. 5: 1974, 23 Change 9. Amir U. Khan and Bart Duff, ‘Development of Agricultural. Mechanization Technologies at the IRRI (Manila),’ paper no, (72- 02, mimeographed) International Rice Research Institute. 11. cited in Mechanization and Employment in Agriculture, p, 1970, 10. Lester Brown, Seeds of Change: Praeger, New York. 59. p 11. ‘Companies-Massey-Ferguson‘s Success Story,’ Business. 44. Week, 2 February, 1976, pp. 11. 12. Mechanization and Employment in Agriculture, p, 13. Keith Griffin, The Political Economy of Agrarian Change. 54. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.: 1974, p: 14. Francine R. Frankel, ‘The Politics of the Green Revolution-Shifting Patterns of Peasant Participation in India and Pakistan,’ in Food, Population, and Employment-The Impact of the Green Revolution, eds. Thomas T. Poleman and Donald. 133- 132. K. Freebairn: Praeger, New York, 1973, pp 15. M. Taghi Farvar, ‘The Relationship Between Ecological and-Social Systems,’ Speech delivered to EARTHCARE con. 9. ference, New York, 6 June, 1975, p - 16. Ma Chu, ‘Something on the Side,’ Far Eastern-Economic Re. 30. view, 14 April 1978, p 17. Joseph Hanlon, ‘India Back to the Village: Does AT Walk on. Plastic Sandals?’ New Scientist, 26 May, 1977, p. 467ff. 1977, 18. Christian Science Monitor, 3 August. 469. 19. Hanlon, ‘India Back to the Village,’ p ﻫﻮاﻣﺶ اﻟﺒﺎب اﳋﺎﻣﺲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ campesinos. * ﻓﻼﺣﻮن ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ. وأﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻼﺣكضﺠجﺟﻃﺨﻖل ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮوط ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ-م . ١: Edgar Owens and Robert Shaw, Development Reconsidered Bridging the Gap Between Government and People: Heath. 60. Lexington, Mass, 1972, p 2. World Bank, The Assault on World Poverty-Problems of Rural Development, Education, and Heath: Jobns Hopkins. 215. University Press, Baltimore, 1975, p. 60. 3. Owens and Shaw, Development Reconsidered, p. 216- 215. 4. World Bank, Assault on World Poverty, pp 5. Food and Agriculture Organization, Report on the 1960 World Census of Agriculture, Rome, 1971, cited in The Assault on World Poverty, World Bank, The Jobns Hopkins University. 244. Press, 1975, p, 6. Keith Griffin, The Political Economy of Agrarian Change. 27. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.: 1974, p . 105.

363 اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ 7. World Bank, Assault of World Poverty, p, 8. Sudhir Sen, Reaping the Green Revolution: Orbis, Maryknoll. 11. New York, p. 28. 9. Griffin, Political Economy, p- 10. Keith Griffin, Land Concentration and Rural Poverty: Mac. 122. millan, New York, 1976, p 11. International Labour Office, Poverty and Landlessness in, Rural Asia, A Study by the World Employment Program. edited by Keith Griffin and Azizur Rahman Khan, 1976, pp. 31- 1, 12. Erich Jacoby and Charlotte Jacoby, Man and Land Knopf. 79. New York, 1971, p 13. Hugh Brammer, FAO, Bangladesh, interviewed by Joseph. 1978, Collins, January. 142. 14. World Bank, Assault on World Poverty, p- 15. Don Paarlberg of USDA, speech before the 55th Annual Con. 1971, vention of Milk Producers, 30 November 16. Food and Agriculture Organization, Agricultural Development and Employment Performance: A Comparative Analysis. 124. Agricultural Planning Studies no. 18, 1974, p- 17. Keith Griffin, Land Concentration and Rural Poverty Mac. 190. millan, New York, 1976, p 18. Milton J. Esman, Landlessness and Near-Landlessness in-Developing Countries, Cornell University, Center for Inter. 1978, national Studies, Ithaca اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻋﺸﺮ 1. Theodore Bergman, Farm Policies in Socialist Countries. 206, 204- 203. Lexington Mass.: 1975, pp 2. Food and Agriculture Organization, Progress in Land Reform. Sixth Report, Rural institutions Division, Rome, 1975, pp—lll-8; and Agricultural Problems: Agronomical Data, Viet. 20- 19. namese Studies, Hanoi, pp. 3. Food and Agriculture Organization, op. cit, 4.Food and Agriculture Organization, Production Yearbook. 1975 5.Arthur MacEwan, Agriculture and Development in Cuba, a, manuscript prepared for the international Labour Office. 1978. 225. 6. Bergman, Farm Policies in Socialist Countries, p 7. McEwan, Agriculture 6.and Development in Cuba, especially. 16 Chapter 8. Bergman, Farm Policies, p. 219 and McEwan, Agriculture. 3- 16. and Development, pp. 9. McEwan, Agriculture and Development, Parts VI and VII, 10. Wilfred Burchett, ‘Portuguese Defend Land Reform,’ Guardian. 24. 26 April, 1978, p 11. Leo Orleans, ‘The Role of Science and Technology in China‘s Population-Food Balance,’ prepared for the Subcommittee on Domestic and international Scientific Planning, Analysis-and Cooperation of the Committee of Science and Tech, 1977 nology of the US House of Representatives. September. p55. 12. Agricultural Problems, pp. 19ff

364 ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﳉﻮع ﻫﻮاﻣﺶ اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون 1. The following comparisons regarding MSA countries are-calculated from US Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agri culture Trade Statistical Report, Calendar Year 1974, May. 1975- 2. Calculated from Food and Agriculture Organization, Produc tion Yearbook, 1974, and Yearbook of International Trade. 1974, statistics- 3. Calculated from US Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agri. 1974 culture Trade Statistical Report, Calendar Year, 4. CaIculated from Yearbook of International Trade Statistics. 1974 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون × 1.Richard Bell, Assistant Secretary for lnternational Affairs and, Commodity Programs, USDA, cited by Norman Faramelli A Primer for Church Groups on Agribusiness and the World‘. 1975,. Food Crises,’ Boston lndustrial Mission, Boston, Mass. 16. 2. New York Times, 19 August 1975, p. 4: 1975 3. Feedstuffs 47, 8 September 4. Richard Barnet and Ronald Mueller, Global Reach: The, Power of the Multinational Corporation, Simon and Schuster. 266. New York, 1973, p 5. United States Commerce Department, Guide to Foreign Trade, Statistics, Government Printing Office, Washington DC: June. 1978. 6. North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA), ‘U.S. 4. Grain Arsenal,’ NACLA Report, 9, 7 October 1975, p, 7. Commission on lnternational Trade and lnvestment Policy - United States International Economic Policy in an Interde, pendent World, report to the President, Washington DC, July. 1971 8. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Trade, 1974 Statistical Report, Fiscal Year 1971 and Fiscal Year. 10 Table 9. Jimmy Minyard, ‘Market Development Looks Ahead to New Markets and Programs,’ also Darwin Stolte, ‘Team Effort Boosts U.S. Farm Exports, ‘ Foreign Agriculture 13, 26 May. 9, 6: 1975 10. C. W. McMillan, ‘Meat Export Federation to be Newest. 14: 1975 Cooperator,’ Foreign Agriculture 13, 26 May. 14- 11. Philip B. Dwoskin and Nick Havas, ‘Fast Foods in Japan A Billion Dollar lndustry? ‘ Foreign Agriculture 13, 26 May. 33: 1975-

365 اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ 12. William K. Chung, ‘Sales by Majority-Owned Foreign Affili, ates of U.S. Companies, 1976,’ Survey of Current Business. 3. March 1978, vol. 58 no 13. William Robbins, The American Food Scandal-Why You, 1974, Can‘t Eat Well on What you Earn, Morrow, New York. 185. p 14. Jim Hightower, Eat Your Heart Out: How Food Profiteers. 194. Victimize the Consumer, Crown, New York, 1975, p. 5 15. Dan Morgan, Washington Post, January 2, 3, 1976, p. A 16. U.S. General Accounting Office, Exporters‘ Profits on Sales of. U.S. Wheat to Russia, B-176943, 12 February 1974, 15ff. 194. 17. Hightower, Eat Your Heart Out, p 18. Steven Bennett, ‘U.S. Food Policy for Whom? ‘ Center Survey. 4 (1): 6, Center of Concern, Washington, D.C- 19. Cliff Connor, ‘U.S. Agribusiness and World Famine,’ Inter national Socialist Review, September 1974, quoting James-McHale, Secretary of Agriculture for the State of Penn. sylvania- 20. Lawrence A. Mayer, ‘We Can‘t Take Food for Granted Any. 86. more,’ Fortune, February 1974, p. 1976, 21. Morgan, Washington Post, 2 January 22. The NFO Reporter, Corning, Jowa, January 1978, p 9 23. 1978 James Flanigan, ‘Question for Congress,’ Forbes, 1 May. 36. p 24. Calculated from US Department of Agriculture, Farm Income Statistics, Annual StatisticaI Bulletin 557, TabIe 3D, July. 60. 1976, p. 61, 25. lbid., Table 4D. 26. lbid., Tables 1D-4D. 28. 27. Time, 24 October, 1977, p. 28. lbid. 40, 35. 29. Forbes, pp. 79. 30. Business Week, 27 March, 1978, p 31. US Department of Agriculture, Farmland Tenure Patterns in. 3. the United States, USDA / ERS, February 1974, p. 13: 1978 32. Ag World, 4, 3, March. 10. 33. Don Paarlberg quoted in Feedstuffs, 16 August 1976, p 34. Us Department of AgricuIture, The One-Man Farm, prepared. 1973, by Warren Bailey, USDA / ERS-519, August .35. Calculated from Farm Income Statistics, Statistical Bulletin no 547, Table 3D, USDA / ERS. July 1975, p. 60, and ‘The, Balance Sheet of the Farming Sector, By Value of Sales Class 1960- 1973,’ supplement no. 1, Agricultural Information Bulletin-no. 376, Table 2, USDA / ERS, Washington, D.C.: Govern. 3. ment Printing Office, April 1975, p

366 ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﳉﻮع 36. Walter Goldschmidt, ‘A Tale of Two Towns,’ in The PeopIe‘s. 1975, Land, Peter Barnes, ed., Emmaus, Pa: Rodale Press. 171 ff ﻫﻮاﻣﺶ اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون avocado: * ﺛﻤﺮة اﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻜﻤﺜﺮي. أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺛﻤﺮة اﶈﺎﻣﻲ. م Foot-and-mouth disease * ×Ideal وﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى ﻣﺎرﻛﺎت ﻧﺴﻠﺔ-م 1. George L. Baker, ‘Good Climate for Agribusiness,’ The Nation 5 November, 1973, p. 460; NACLA, Bitter Fruits, September. 1976, Latin America and Empire Report, 12ff. 460. 2. Baker, ‘Good Climate for Agribusiness,’ p ‘, 3. ‘Poverty in American Democracy: A study of Social Power US Catholic Conference, November 1974, cited in CNI Weekly 2,. Report, Community Nutrition Institute, Washington, D.C. 8. September 1976, p ‘. 4. Baker, ‘Good Climate for Agribusiness 5. Ernest Feder, ‘The Penetration of the Agricultures of the Underdeveloped Countries by the Industrial Nations and Their Multinational Corporations,’ Institute of Social Studies, The. 8. Hague, 1975, p 6. For commodity breakdowns see Ray Goldberg, Agribusiness-Management for Developing Countries- Latin America (Cam bridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1974), 69ff. Calculations based on and USضﻻﻊﻻﺟﲡ2 Goldberg, Agribusiness Management, Chapter-Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Trade Sta-tistical Report Fiscal Year 1975 (Washington, D.C.: Govern.)1976, 1975, mental Printing Office. 70. 7. Cited by Goldberg, Agribusiness Management, p. 70. 8. Ibid., p - 9. Ibid., 150ff. gives some figures. See also Food and Agricul. tural Organization, Production Yearbooks 10.Ernest Feder, Strawberry Imperialism: An Enquiry into the Mechanisms of Dependency in Mexican Agriculture, Institute. 1978: of Social Studies, The Hague. 147. 11. Goldberg, Agribusiness Management, p. 150. 12. Ibid., p. 87. 13. Ibid., p 14. Ernest Feder, Strawberry Imperialism; unless otherwise noted the facts on the strawberry industry in Mexico are drawn from. Dr Feder‘s comprehensive documentation 15. Unless otherwise noted, the sources for the analysis of Bud Senegal are: Kees Pels, ‘Stijgende invoer van Afrikaanse-groenten,’ 1975; Jan Bunnik, ‘Bud maakt Senegal groen,’ Vak-blad voor groothandel in aardappelen groeten en fruit, Feb ruary 6 and 13, 1975, pp. 11- 15 and pp. 13- 16: transcript of KRO (Netherlands) televised documentary 3 March 1975; ‘Une-Senegal 1960- 1973: 14 ans de devel ‘ضﻻﻊﻻﺟﲡremarquable reussite, oppement, ‘De situatie in Senegal,’ Landbouw Wereldnieuws-15

367 اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ October 1974, ‘Liefemoeglichkeiten Senegals,’ Mitteil w<gw der Bundesstelle feur Aussenhandels information, July,. 1974, 1ff.; and personal communication from Maureen M Mackintosh, The institute of Development Studies, completing. 1976 a study of Bud Senegal, dated 5 October- 16. International Finance Corporation, IFC T162, Appraised Re. 1976 port for Bud Senegal, 24 February 17. Lars Bondestam, ‘Notes on Foreign Investments in Ethiopia in Multinational Firms in Africa, Carl Widstrand and Samir-Amin, eds. Scandinavian institute for African Studies, Upps, ala: 1975(,139ff. The interview referred to is in SIDA-rapport. 1972, no. 8, Stockholm ‘. 18. Bondestam, ‘Notes on Foreign Investments- 19. Alan Berg, The Nutrition Factor: Its Role in National Devel. 1973: . opment, The Brookings Institution Washington, D.C. 65. p. 1970, 20. Wall Street Journal, 27 July, 1972 and 7 January ‘, 21. Jose da Veiga, ‘Quand les multinationales font du Ranching. 13. Le Monde Diplomatique, September 1975, p. 1972 22. New York Times, 4 July 23. We are greatly indebted to the excellent study of Ralston Purina in Columbia researched by Rick Edwards and largely: forming Chapter 6 in Robert J. Ledogar, Hungry for Profits U.S. Food and Drug Multinationals in Latin America (New York: IDOC, 1976). Unless otherwise noted, data on Ralston. Purina in Columbia comes from this study 24. Giovanni Acciarri, et al. ‘Production Agropecuaria y Desnu tricion en Colombia,’ Universidad del Valle, Division de. 1973: Ingenieria, Cali. 25. Ibid 26. Calculations are based on figures in the US, Department of, Agriculture, U.S. Foreign Agricultural Trade Statistical Report. 1975, Fiscal Year 27. Interview with Gabriel Misas, DANE (National Department of Statistics) Bogota, Columbia, 30 April 1973, confirmed as-more or less correct‘ by the Embassy of Columbia in Wash‘. 1974 ington, D.C., 14 January- 28. A helpful source of data, largely compiled from US govern-ment statistics, can be found in Appendix J in Ray A. Gold. 374- 359. berg, Agribusiness Management, pp, 29. Overseas Private Investment Corporation, Annual Report. 1973 30. Calculation taken from Henry Frundt, American Agribusiness and U.S. Foreign Agricultural Policy PhD dissertation, Rutgers. 1975 University, May. 1977 31. Jane‘s Major Companies of Europe,) 32. Susan George in Economic and Political Weekly)Bombay. 33. Ibid., Vol. XIII No. 37, pp. 159ff. 34. Ibid 35. Nestle Bulletin No. 20, International Union of Food and Allied. Workers, Geneva. 36. UK Prices Commission Report No. 24 Coffee‘ 1977. HMSO. 37. Nestle Bulletin no. 20 op. cit. 38. Ibid