تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ

114 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ [6] Kimberly A. Young, Kyle L. Gobrogge, Yan Liu, and Zuoxin Wang, «The neurobiology of pair bonding: insights from a socially monogamous rodent,» Front Neuroendocrinol 32 69–53 :)2011( 1/, doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.07.006. [7] J.R. Parkitna, et al., «Novelty-seeking behaviors and the escalation of alcohol drinking after abstinence in mice are controlled by metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 on neurons expressing dopamine d1 receptors,» Biol Psychiatry 73270-263 :)2013( 3/, doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.019. [8] Natalie Angier, «A Molecule of Motivation, Dopamine Excels at Its Task,» The New York Times, October 26, 2009, http://www. nytimes.com/200927/10//science/27angier.html. [9] Cathleen Genova, «Learning addiction: Dopamine reinforces drug-associated memories,» research press release, September 9, 2009, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/200909-/cp- lad090309.php. [10] John D. Salamone and Mercè Correa, «The Mysterious Motivational Functions of Mesolimbic Dopamine,» Neuron 76 3/ 485–470 :)2012(, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.021. [11] Robert Sapolsky, «Dopamine Jackpot! Sapolsky on the Science of Pleasure,» FORA TV , February 1, 2012, http://www.

115 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ dailymotion.com/video/xh6ceu_dopamine-jackpot-sapolsky-on-the- science-of-pleasure_news. [12] Bridget M. Kuehn, «Willingness to Work Hard Linked to Dopamine Response in Brain Regions,» News@JAMA, May 2, 2012, http://newsatjama.jama.com/2012 02/05//willingness-to- work-hard-linked-to-dopamine-response-in-brain-regions; and Lisa Franchi, «Dopamine Keeps the Brain Motivated to Pursue a Distant Goal,» NaturalTherapyForAll.com, August 07, 2013, http://blog. naturaltherapyforall.com/2013 07/08//dopamine-keeps-the-brain- motivated-to-pursue-a-distant-goal. [13] Kent C Berridge, Terry E. Robinson, J. Wayne Aldridge, «Dissecting components of reward: ‘liking’, ‘wanting’, and learning,» Curr Opin Pharmacol 973–65 :)2009( 1/, doi: 10.1016/j. coph.2008.12.014. [14] Susan Weinschenk, «100 Things You Should Know About People: #8 — Dopamine Makes You Addicted To Seeking Information,» Brain Lady Blog, November 7, 2009, http://www.blog.theteamw. com/2009 100- /07 /11/things-you-should-know-aboutpeople-8- dopamine-makes-us-addicted-to-seeking-information.

116 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ [15] Terry E Robinson and Kent C Berridge, «The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues,» Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363 )2008(: 3137–3146, doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0093. [16] Cell Press, «Pure Novelty Spurs The Brain.» ScienceDaily, 27 August 2006, www.sciencedaily.com/ releases/2006060826180547/08/.htm. [17] E. Koukounas and B. Over, «Changes in the magnitude of the eyeblink startle response during habituation of sexual arousal,» Behav Res Ther, 38584-573 :)2000( 6/ [18] I. Meuwissen and R. Over, «Habituation and dishabituation of female sexual arousal,» Behaviour Research and Therapy 28 3/ 226-217 :)1990(, doi: 10.10163-90004)90(7967-0005/. [19] Max Miller, «Big Think Interview With Adam Kepecs,» BigThink.com, August 20, 2010, http://bigthink.com/videos/big- thinkinterview-with-adam-kepecs. [20] David H. Barlow, David K. Sakheim, J. Gayle Beck, «Anxiety increases sexual arousal,» Journal of Abnormal Psychology 92 1/ 54-49 :)1983(. [21] Bianca C. Wittmann, Nico Bunzeck, Raymond J. Dolan, and Emrah Düzel, «Anticipation of novelty recruits reward system and

117 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ hippocampus while promoting recollection,» Neuroimage 38 9-1/ 202–194 :)2007(, doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.038. [22] Stuart McMillen, «Supernormal Stimuli,» www. highexistence.com, December, 2011, http://www.highexistence.com/ supernatural-stimuli-comic. [23] «How Technology is Like Bug Sex,» www.nirandfar.com, http://www.nirandfar.com/201301//how-technology-is-like-bugsex. html. [24] Robert O. Deaner, Amit V . Khera, and Michael L. Platt, «Monkeys Pay Per View: Adaptive Valuation of Social Images by Rhesus Macaques,» Current Biology 15 )2005(: 543–548, doi 10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.044. [25] R.M. Krebs, D. Heipertz, H. Schuetze, E. Duzel, «Novelty increases the mesolimbic functional connectivity of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area )SN/VTA( during reward anticipation: Evidence from high-resolution fMRI,» Neuroimage 58 :)2011( 2/ 64755, doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.038. [26] J. Spicer, et al., «Sensitivity of the nucleus accumbens to violations in expectation of reward,» Neuroimage 34 :)2007( 1/ 455461.

118 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ [27] «Robot Handjobs Are The Future, And The Future Is Coming,» HuffPost Live, November 13, 2013, http://live.huffingtonpost.com/r/ archive/segment/robot-handjobs-are-the-future-and-the-future-is- coming/5283e961fe34444eb70002bd. [28] Robert Weiss, «Techy-Sexy: Digital Exploration of the Erotic Frontier,» Psychology Today blogs, November 18, 2013, http://www. psychologytoday.com/blog/love-and-sex-in-the-digital-age/201311/ techy-sexy-digital-exploration-the-erotic-frontier. [29] «The FriXion Revolution,» YouTube, November 18, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haBM4GFu9Bs. [30] P .J. Kenny, G. Voren and P .M. Johnson, « Dopamine D2 receptors and striatopallidal transmission in addiction and obesity,» Curr Opin Neurobiol, 23 538-535 :)2013( 4/, doi: 10.1016/j. conb.2013.04.012. This has been confirmed by German researchers Simone Kühn and Jürgen Gallinat, «Brain Structure and Functional Connectivity Associated With Pornography Consumption: The Brain on Porn,» JAMA Psychiatry )2014(, doi:10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2014.93. [31] «Porn vs Reality - TheSite.org,» YouTube, May 28, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9BPbe9_Jsw.

119 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ [32] James G. Pfaus, et al., Who, What, Where, When )and Maybe Even Why)? How the Experience of Sexual Reward Connects Sexual Desire, Preference, and Performance,» Arch Sex Behav 41 )2012(: 31–62, doi 10.1007/s105085-9935-012-. [33] T. Tydén and C. Rogala, «Sexual behaviour among young men in Sweden and the impact of pornography,» Int J STD AIDS 15593-590 :)2004( 9/. [34] Valerie Voon, et al., «Neural Correlates of Sexual Cue Reactivity in Individuals with and without Compulsive Sexual Behaviours», PLOS One (2014): doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0102419. [35] Karla S. Frohmader et al., «Methamphetamine acts on subpopulations of neurons regulating sexual behavior in male rats,» Neuroscience 166 784–771 :)2010( 3/, doi: 10.1016/j. neuroscience.2009.12.070. [36] K.K. Pitchers, et al., «Endogenous opioid-induced neuroplasticity of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area influences natural and opiate reward,» J Neurosci 34 26/ 8836-8825 :)2014(, doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.013314.2014-.

120 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ [37] Kyle K. Pitchers, et al., «Natural and Drug Rewards Act on Common Neural Plasticity Mechanisms with DeltaFosB as a Key Mediator,» J Neurosci 333442–3434 :)2013( 8/, doi: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.488112.2013-. [38] Christopher M. Olsen, «Natural Rewards, Neuroplasticity, and Non-Drug Addictions,» Neuropharmacology 61 :)2011( 7/ 1122–1109, doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010. [39] Bonnie K. Lee and Madison Moore, «Shame and Sex Addiction: Through A Cinematic Lens,» J Addict Behav Ther Rehabil 32014( 1/), http://dx.doi.org/10.41729005.1000116-2324/. [40] Paul M. Johnson and Paul J. Kenny, « Addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats: Role for dopamine D2 receptors,» Nat Neurosci, 13 641-645 :)2010( 5/, doi: 10.1038/ nn.2519. [41] Maia Szalavitz, «Can Food Really Be Addictive? Yes, Says National Drug Expert,» Time, April 05, 2012, http://healthland. time.com/201205/04//yes-food-can-be-addictive-says-the-director- of-the-national-institute-on-drug-abuse. [42] Mark Hyman, MD, «Food Addiction: Could It Explain Why 70 Percent of Americans Are Fat?,» HuffPost Healthy Living,

121 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ October 16, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-mark-hyman/ food-addiction-could-it-e_b_764863.html. [43] K. Blum, Y. Liu, R. Shriner, M.S. Gold, «Reward circuitry dopaminergic activation regulates food and drug craving behavior,» Curr Pharm Des171167-1158 :)2011( 12/. [44] Sarah Klein, «Fatty foods may cause cocaine-like addiction,» CNN Health, March 30, 2010, http://www.cnn.com/2010/ HEALTH/0328//fatty.foods.brain. [45] Magalie Lenoir, Fuschia Serre, Lauriane Cantin, Serge H. Ahmed, «Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward,» PLoS One, August 01, 2007, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000698. [46] Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity,» Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 20092010-, http://win.niddk.nih.gov/statistics/#b. [47] Deirdre Barrett, «Supernormal Stimuli,» HuffPost Books, June 16, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deirdrebarrett/ supernormal-stimuli_b_613466.html. [48] Eric J. Nestler, «DeltaFosB: a Molecular Switch for Reward,» Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research, 2 )2013(, doi:10.4303/jdar/235651.

122 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ [49] Internet & Video Game Addiction Brain Studies,» www.yourbrainonporn.com, http://yourbrainonporn.com/list- internetvideo-game-brain-studies. [50] G.J. Meerkerk, R.J. Van Den Eijnden, H. E. Garretsen, «Predicting compulsive Internet use: it>s all about sex!» Cyberpsychol Behav 9103-95 :)2006( 1/. [51] Eric J. Nestler, «DeltaFosB: a Molecular Switch for Reward,» Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research 2 )2013(, doi:10.4303/jdar/235651. [52] Michela Romano, Lisa A. Osborne, Roberto Truzoli, and Phil Reed, «Differential Psychological Impact of Internet Exposure on Internet Addicts,» PLoS One 8 2013( 2/( doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0055162. [53] Simone Kühn and Jürgen Gallinat, «Brain Structure and Functional Connectivity Associated With Pornography Consumption: The Brain on Porn,» JAMA Psychiatry )2014(, doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.93. [54] T.M. Zhu, et al, «Effects of electroacupuncture combined psycho-intervention on cognitive function and event-related potentials P300 and mismatch negativity in patients with internet

123 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ addiction,» Chin L Integr Med 18 2012( 2/(, doi: 10.1007/s11655 - 5-0120990. [55] Valerie Voon, et al., «Neural Correlates of Sexual Cue Reactivity in Individuals with and without Compulsive Sexual Behaviours», PLOS One (2014): doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0102419. [56] «Love is the drug, scientists find.» The Telegraph, July 11, 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/sciencenews/10962885/ Love-is-the-drug-scientists-find.html. [57] Tara Berman, MD, « Sexual Addiction May Be Real After All,» ABC News, July 11, 2014, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/ health/201411/07//sexual-addiction-may-be-real-after-all. [58] C. Laier, J. Pekal and M. Brand, «Cybersex addiction in heterosexual female users of Internet pornography can be explained by gratification hypothesis» CyberPsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, CyberPsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 17511-505 :)2014( 8/, doi: 10.1089/cyber.2013.0396. [59] Donald L. Hilton, Jr., MD, «Pornography addiction – a supranormal stimulus considered in the context of neuroplasticity,»

124 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 3 )2013(, http://dx.doi. org/10.3402/snp.v3i0.20767. [60] Eric J. Nestler, «Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction?» Nature Neuroscience 6 1449-1445 :)2005( 11/, doi:10.1038/nn1578. [61] N.D. Volkow, «Addiction: decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain>s control circuit,» Bioessays 32 755-748 :)2010( 9/, doi: 10.1002/ bies.201000042. [62] «Public Policy Statement: Definition of Addiction,» American Association of Addiction Medicine, April 12, 2011, http:// www.asam.org/docs/publicy-policy-statements/1definition_of_ addiction_long_411-.pdf. [63] Thomas Insel, MD, «Transforming Diagnosis,» National Institute of Mental Health, Director>s Blog, April 29, 2013, http:// www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2013/transforming-diagnosis. shtml. [64] Mark Moran, «Gambling Disorder to Be Included in Addictions Chapter,» Psychiatric News, April 19, 2013, doi: 10.1176/ appi.pn.2013.4b14.

125 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ [65] Haifeng Hou, et al., «Reduced Striatal Dopamine Transporters in People with Internet Addiction Disorder,» Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology )2012(, Article ID 854524, 5 pages, doi:10.1155854524/2012/. [66] S.H. Kim et al., «Reduced striatal dopamine D2 receptors in people with Internet addiction,» Neuroreport 22 407411 :)2011( 8/, doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e328346e16e. [67] Jim Rosack, «Volkow May Have Uncovered Answer to Addiction Riddle,» Psychiatric News, June 4, 2004, http://psychnews. psychiatryonline.org/newsarticle.aspx?articleid=107597. [68] G. Dong, J. Huang, A. Du, «Enhanced reward sensitivity and decreased loss sensitivity in Internet addicts: an fMRI study during a guessing task,» J Psychiatr Res 45 1529-1525 :)2011( 11/. doi: 0.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.06.017. [69] Adam Withnall, «Pornography addiction leads to same brain activity as alcoholism or drug abuse, study shows,» The Independent, September 22, 2013, http://www.independent.co.uk/ life-style/health-and-families/health-news/pornography-addiction- leadsto-same-brain-activity-as-alcoholism-or-drug-abuse-study- shows-8832708.html.

126 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ [70] Kai Yuan, et al., «Microstructure Abnormalities in Adolescents with Internet Addiction Disorder,» PLoS One, June 03, 2011, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020708. [71] Y. Zhou, et al., «Grey matter abnormalities in Internet addiction: a voxel-based morphometry study,» Eur J Radiol 9 1/ 95-92 :)2011(. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.10.025. [72] Fuchun Lin, et al., «Abnormal White Matter Integrity in Adolescents with Internet Addiction Disorder: A Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Study,» PLoS One, January 11, 2012, doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0030253. [73] G. Dong, H. Zhou, X. Zhao, «Impulse inhibition in people with Internet addiction disorder: electrophysiological evidence from a Go/NoGo study,» Neurosci Lett 485142-138 :)2010( 2/, doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.09.002. [74] G. Dong, H. Zhou, X Zhao, «Male Internet addicts show impaired executive control ability: evidence from a color-word Stroop task,» Neurosci Lett 499 118-114 :)2011( 2/, doi: 10.1016/j. neulet.2011.05.047. [75] Matthias Brand, Kimberly S. Young and Christian Laier, « Prefrontal control and Internet addiction: a theoretical model

127 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ and review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings,» Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8 2014( 375/(, doi: 10.3389/ fnhum.2014.00375. [76] Leigh MacMillan, «Reward-stress link points to new addiction targets,» Reporter, January 9, 2009, http://www. mc.vanderbilt.edu/reporter/index.html?ID=6916. [77] Philip J. Hilts, «Is Nicotine Addictive? It Depends on Whose Criteria You Use. Experts say the definition of addiction is evolving,» New York Times, Aug. 2, 1994, http://www.drugsense. org/tfy/addictvn.htm. [78] Michela Romano, Lisa A. Osborne, Roberto Truzoli, Phil Reed, «Differential Psychological Impact of Internet Exposure on Internet Addicts,» PLoS One 8 2013( 2/(, doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0055162. [79] «Web addicts> withdrawal symptoms similar to drug users,» BBC News Wales, June 19, 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/ ukwales-22966536. [80] G.F . Koob, M. Le Moal, «Addiction and the brain antireward system,» Annu Rev Psychol 59 )2008(: 2953-.

128 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ [81] David Belin and Aude Rauscent, «DeltaFosB: A Molecular Gate to Motivational Processes within the Nucleus Accumbens?» The Journal of Neuroscience 2611810–11809 :)2006( 46/. [82] A.M. Christiansen, A.D. Dekloet, Y.M. Ulrich-Lai, J.P . Herman, «>Snacking> causes long term attenuation of HP A axis stress responses and enhancement of brain FosB/deltaFosB expression in rats,» Physiol Behav 103 6-111 :)2011( 1/, doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.01.015. [83] V .L. Hedges, S. Chakravarty, E.J. Nestler, and R.L. Meisel, « DeltaFosB overexpression in the nucleus accumbens enhances sexual reward in female Syrian hamsters,» Genes Brain Behav, 8 4/ 449-442 :)2009(, doi: 10.1111/j.1601183-X.2009.00491.x. [84] Jennifer Riemersma and Michael Stysma, «A New Generation of Sexual Addiction,» Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 20322-306 :)2013( 4/, doi: 10.108010720162.2013.843067/. [85] J.P . Doucet, et al., «Chronic alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission produce a persistent elevation of deltaFosB-like protein)s( in both the rodent and primate striatum,» Eur J Neurosci 8381-365 :)1996( 2/.

129 تأثيرات الإباحية على الدماغ [86] Eric J. Nestler, Michel Barrot, and David W . Self, «DeltaFosB: A sustained molecular switch for addiction,» PNAS 9811046–11042 :)2001( 2/, doi: 10.1073/pnas.191352698. [87] Deanna L. Wallace, et al., «The Influence of DeltaFosB in the Nucleus Accumbens on Natural Reward-Related Behavior,» The Journal of Neuroscience 2810277-10272 :)2008( 41/, doi: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.153108.2008-. [88] Kyle K. Pitchers, et al., «DeltaFosB in the nucleus accumbens is critical for reinforcing effects of sexual reward,» Genes Brain Behav 9 840-831 :)2010( 7/, doi: 10.1111/j.1601 - 183X.2010.00621.x. [89] Deanna L. Wallace, et al., «The Influence of ?FosB in the Nucleus Accumbens on Natural Reward-Related Behavior,» The Journal of Neuroscience 2810277-10272 :)2008( 41/; doi: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.153108.2008-. [90] S.L. Teegarden, E. J. Nestler, T.L. Bale, «DeltaFosB- mediated alterations in dopamine signaling are normalized by a palatable high-fat diet,» Biol Psychiatry 64 950-941 :)2008( 11/, doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.007.