أسرار النوم

242 أﺳﺮار اﻟﻨﻮم Paracelsus Verlag, 1974), 19. Chapter 4. Dreams 1. R. L. Woods and H. B. Greenhouse, The new world of dreams (New York: Macmillan, 1974), 42. 2. Translated and quoted from Martin Kiessig, ed., Dichter erzahlen ihre Traume (Stuttgart: Urachhaus, 1976), 330. 3. Friedrich Nietzsche The gay Science, Trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage, 1974), 212. 4. Segmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, vol. 4 of The standard Edition of the complete Psychological Works, trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1958), 26-27. 5. William Dement, Some Must Watch While Some Must Sleep (San Francisco: Freeman, 1974), 47. 6. Translated from Musil, Tagebucher, Aphorismen, Essays und Reden (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1955), 433. 7. The Republic (Loeb Classical Library, 1935), 339. 8. «On Dreams,» in Parva naturalia (Leob Classical Library, 1957), 363. 9. Freud, Interpretation of Dreams, 55. 10. Translated from L. F. A. Maury, «Nouvelles obsevations sur les analogies, des phenomenes du reve et de l‘ alienation mentale,» Annales medico-psychologiques, 2d ser. 5 (1853): 404. 11. Interpretation of Dreams, 25. 12. Kant, Critique of Teleological Judgment (pt. 2 of Critique of Judgement), trans. James Creed Meredith (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1928), 29. 13. Freud, Interpretation of Dreams, 79. 14. Translated from Kiessig, Dichter erzahlen ihre Traume, 325. 15. Freud, interpretation of Dreams, 34 n. 1. 16. According to a papyrus in the Museum of Cairo, from Woods and Greenhouse, New World of Dreams, 23.

243 إﺷﺎرات وﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎت 17. Freud, Interpretation of Dreams, 68- 69. 18. Nietzsche, The Dawn of Day, vol. 9 of Complete Works, ed. Oscar Levy (Edinburgh and London, 1911), 131- 32. 19. Freud, Interpretation of Dreams, 48. 20. David Foulkes, A Grammar of Dreams (New York: Basic Books,1978), 96- 97. 21. Translated from Kiessig, Ditcher ezzahlen ihre Traume, 330. 22. Freud, Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, vol. 11 of The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1957), 33. 23. Castaneda, Journey to Lxtlan (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972), 127. 24. Translated from Kiessig, Dichter erzahlen ihre Traume, 319. Chapter 5. Sleep and Sleeping Pills 1. Hurd, Sleep, Insornnia and Hypnotics (Detroit, 1891), 89- 112. Chapter 6. «I Didn‘t Sleep a Wink All Night»: Insomnia and Disorders of Sleeping and Waking 1. Shakespeare, Macbeth, act 2, sc. 2, line 36. Chapter 7. Sleep in Animals 1. Tauber, «Phylogeny of Sleep,» in E. D. Weitzman, ed., Advances in Sleep Research, vol. 1 (Flushing, N. Y.: Spectrum Publications, 1974), 152. Chapter 8. Sleep and the Brain 1. Translated from W. R. Hess, «Der Schlaf,» Schweizcrische Medizinische Wo-chenschrift 61 (1931): 839. 2. Translated from W. R. Hess, «Der Schlaf,» Klinische Wochenschrift 12 (1933):129-34. 3. Tranlated from Hess, «Der Schlaf,» Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift, 839. Chapter 9. The Search for Endogenous Sleep Suubstances

244 أﺳﺮار اﻟﻨﻮم 1. Translated from Pieron, Le probleme physiologique du sommeil (Paris: Masson, 1913), 444. Chapter 10. Sleep Deprivation 1. Translated from Friedrich Novalis, Teplitzes Fragmente, in Das philosophisch (1978,cortische Werk (Munich: Hanser, 1978), 2:411. 2. Huber-Weidmann, Schlaf, Schafstorungen, Schlafentzug (Cologne: Kiepenheuer and Witsch, 1976). Chapter 11. Sleep as a Biological Rhythm 1. Translated from Histoire de l‘ Acadenie Royale des Sciences (Paris, 1729), p. 35. Chapter 12. The Purpose of Sleep 1. W. R. Hess, «The Autonomic Nervous System,» The Lancet. Dec. 3 (1932): 1199. 2. Translated from Heidegger, Die Fragr nach der Technik: Vortrage und Aufsatze (Pfullingen: Neske, 1967), 26.

245 ا ﺛﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎدر اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺮاء اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮن ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺤﻮث اﻟﻨﻮم ﺑﻘﺪر أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ. واﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت وأﺑﺤﺎﺛﺎ وﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺎت وﻛﺘﺒﺎ.. The following list has been compiled for readers who wish to study specific-topics of sleep research in more detail. The liste includes research articles, reviews, and books. Chapter 1. A Historical View of Sleep For cilations concerning Eartern philosophy on sleep, see M. Tracol, «Why Sleepest Thou, O Lord?» Parabola 7 (1982): 6- 9. Chapter 2. Scientists Investigate Sleep: The Different Stages of Sleep The first study of the human sleep EEG is A. L. Loomis, E. N. Harvey, and G-A. Hobart, «Cerebral States during Sleep, as studied by Human Brain Potentials, » Journal of experimental Psychology 21 (1937): 127- 44. For the classic book on sleep research, see N. Kleitman, Sleep and Wakefulness 2nd Edition (Chicago: The University of Chhicago Press, 1963). The first ddescriptions of REM sleep in man are in: E. Aserinsky and N Kleitman, «Regularly Occuring Periods of Eye Motility and Concomitant. Phenomena during Sleep,» Science 118 (1953): 273-74; and W. C. Dement and N kleitman, «Cyclic Variations in EEG During Sleep and Their Relation to Eye Movements, Body Motility, and Dreaming, » Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 9(1957): 673- 90. For a discussion of the generally adopted sleep stage criteria, see A Manuel of Standardized Ternimology, Techniques, and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects, National Institutes of Health Publication 204, ed. A. Rechtschaffen and A. Kales (Washington, D. C.: US Government Printing Office, 1968). For a discussion of the non-REM/RREM cycle see: H. Schulz, et al., «The REM-NREM Sleep Cycle: Renewal Process or Periodically Driven Process?» Sleep 2 (1980): 319- 28. For an all-night spectral analysis of the sleep EEG, see A. A. Borbely et al. «Sleep-deprivation: Effect on Sleep Stages and EEG Power Density in Man,»Electroencephalography and Chinical Neurophysiology 51 (1981): 483- 93. Hormones and sleep are examined in T. Akerstedt, «Hormones and Sleep,» in A. A. Borbely and J. L. Valatex, eds., Sleep Mechanisms Experimental Brain Research 8, suppl. (Heidelberg, W. Germany:

246 أﺳﺮار اﻟﻨﻮم Springer-Verlag, 1984), 193- 203. For a discussion of the phallogram in sleep, see 1. Karacan et al., «The Ontogency of Nocturnal Penile Tumescence,»Waking and Sleeping I (1976): 27-44. Chapter 3. Sleep: A Theme with Variations Sleep and the sleep EEG in children are the topics of P. A. Coble, et al., and «EEG Sleep of Normal Healthy Children Part 1: Findings Using Standard Measure, ment Methods,» Sleep 7 (1984): 289- 303; and T. F. Anders and M. Keener «Developmental Course of Nighttime Sleep-wake Patterns in Full- term and Premature Infants During the First Year of Life: I,» Sleep 8 (1985): 173- 92. For a discussion of sleep stage distribution as a function of age, see H. P Roffwarg, J. N. Muzio, and W. C. Dement, «Ontogenetic Development of the Human Sleep-dream Cycle,» Science 152 (1966): 60419. The siesta habit in Greece is described in C. R. Soldatos, M. G. Madianas and I. G. Vlachonikolis, «Early Afternoon Napping: A Fading Greck Habit,» in W. P. Koella, ed., Sleep 1982 (Baseel, Switz.: Karger, 1983), 202- 5. The following publications discuss sleep in the elderly: I. Strauch and M. E Wollschager, «Sleep Bchavior in the Aged,» in U. J. Jovanovic, the Nature of Sleep (Stuttgart, West Germany: Gustav Fischer Vergag, 1973), 129- 31; L. E. Miles and, W. C. Dement, eds., «Sleep and Aging,» Sleep 3 (1980):119- 20; and R. Spiegel Sleep and Sleeplessness in Advanced Age (Lancaster, Eng.: MTP Press, 1981). Morning and evening persons are described in J. Foret et al., «Sleep and Body Temperature in ‘Morning‘ and ‘Evening‘ People,» Sleep 8 (1985): 311-18. Extreme cases of short sleep are examined in: H. S. Jones and I. Oswald, «Two Cases of Health Insomnia,» Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophisiology 24 (1968): 378- 80; R. Meddis, A. J. D. Pearson, and G. Lanford, «An Extreme Case of Healthy Insomnia, » Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 35 (1973): 213- 14; and I. Oswald and K. Adam, «The Man Who Had Not Slept for ten Years,» British Medical Journal 281 (1980): 1684- 85. For an epiderniological study of sleep duration and mortality, see D. F. Kripke et al., «Short and Long Sleep and Sleeping Pills: Is Increased Mortality Associated?, » Archives of General Psychiaatry 36 (1979): 103- 16. Heredity factors and sleep duration are discussed in M. Partinen et al., «Genetic and Environmental Determination of Human Sleep,»Sleep, 6 (1983): 179- 85. Sleep Stages in long and short sleepers are the topic of O. Benoit, J.Foret, and G. Bouard, «The Time Course of Slow-Wave Sleep and REM Sleep in Habitual Long and Short Sleepers: Effect of Prior Wakefulness,» Human Neurobiology 2(1983): 91- 96. Chapter 4. Dreams Some general books on dreams include: R. L. Woods and W. B. Greenhouse The New World of Dreams

247 ا New York: Macmillan, 1974); W. C. Dement, Some Must-The New World of Dreams (San Fransisco: W. H. Freeman, 1974); R. D. Cartwright, Night Life Explorations in Dreaming (Englewood. N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977); A. M. Arkin, J. S. Antrobus, and S. J. Ellman, The Mind in Sleep: Psychology and, Psychophysiology (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978); B. B. Wolman, ed Handbook of Dreams: Research Theories and Applications (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, (1979). The following contains a survey of older scientific literature on the generation of dreams: The interpretation of dreams, vol. 4 of The Standard Edition of The complete Psychological Works of Sigmand Freud, ed. and trans. J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1953). For an analysis of dream content, see C. Hall and R. L. Van de Castle, The Content Analysis of Dreams (E. Norwalk, CT.: Appleton-Century-Crofts 1966). Dreams in children are discussed in: D. Foulkes, «Children‘s Dreams,» in Hand book of Dreams, ed. B. B. Wolman (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979), 131- 67; D. Foulkes,«Dreams Ontogeny and Dream Psychophysiology,» in Sleep Disorders: Basic and Clinical Research (Lancaster, Eng.: MTP Press, 1983), 347- 62. For a study of dream duration, see W. Dement and E. Wolpert, «The Relation»of Eye Movements, Body Motility, and External Stimuli to Dream Content Journal of Experimental Psychology 55 (1958): 543-53. For a structural analysis of dreams, see D. Foulkes, A Grammar of Dreams (New York: Basic Books, 1978). Neurobiological theories of dream generatior are discussed in: J. A. Hobson-and R. W. McCarley, «The Brain as a Dream State Generator: An Activation Synthesis Hypothesis of the Dream Process, » American Journal of Psuchiatry, 134 (1977): 1335-48; M. Jouvet, «Le sommeil paradoxal est-il responsable d‘une programmation genetique de cerveau?» Comptes rendus des seances de la Societe de Biologie 172 (1978):9- 30; M. Koukkou and D. Lehmann, «Psychophysiologie des Traumens und der Neurosentherapie: Das Zustands-Wechsel-Model, eine Synopsis, » Fortschrille der Neurologie, Psychiatzie und ihrer Grenzgebieter 48 (1980): 324- 50; and F. Crick and G. Mitchison, «The Function of Dream Sleep,» Nature 304 (1983): 111- 14. The first study of selective REM steep deprivation is W. C. Dement, «The Effect of Dream Deprivation»Science 131 (1960): 1705- 7. Lucid dreams are the subject of C. T. Tart, «From Spontaneous Event to Lucidity: A Review of Attempts to Consciously Control Nocturnal Dreaming,» in Handbook of Dreams, ed. B. B. Wolman (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979), 226- 68. Chapter 5. Sleep and Sleeping Pills An excellent book on hypnotics is W. B. Mendelson, The Use and Misuse of Sleeping Pills (New York: Plenum, 1980).

248 أﺳﺮار اﻟﻨﻮم Recommendations of the Consensus Conference are outlined in «Consensus Conference, Drugs and Insomnia,» Journal of the American Medical Association 251 (1984): 2410- 14. Pharmacological properties of benzodiazepine hypnotics are discussed in D. D. Breimer and R. Jochemsen, «Pharmacokinetics of Hypnotic Drugs,» in Pschopharmacology of Sleep, ed. D. Wheatley (New York: Raven Press, 1981): 135- 52. The effects and aftereffects of hypnotics are examined in: P. Mattmann et al «Day-time Residual Effects and Motor Activity After three Benzodiazepine Hypnotics, » Arzneimittel Forschung 32 (1982):461- 65; A. A. Borbely et al «Midazolam and Triazolam: Hypnotic Action and Residual Effects After a Single Bedtime Dose,»Arzneimittel-Forsschung 33 (1983):1500-1502; and A. A Borbely et al., «Effect of Midazolam and Sleep Deprivation on Day-time Sleep Propensity,» Arzneimittel-Forschung 35 (1985): 1696- 99. A method for monitoring ambulatory motor activity in man is presented in A. A. Borbely et al., «Langzeitregistrirung der Bewegungsaktivitat: Anwendungen in Forschung und Klinik,» Schweizerischre Medizinische Wochenschrift 111 (1981): 730- 35. The first study on the effect of hypnotics on sleep is I. Oswald and R. G Priest, «Five Weeks to Escape the Sleeping-pill Habit,» British Medical Journal 2 (1965): 1093- 99. For discussions of the effect of hypnotics on sleep EEG, see: A. A. Borbely et al., «A Single Dose of Benzodiazepine Hypnotics Alters the Sleep EEG in the Subsequent Drug-free Night,» European Journal of Pharmacology 89 (1983): 157-61; and A. A. Borbely et al., «Effect of Benzodiazepine Hypnotics on All-night Sleep EEG Spectra,» Human Neurobiology 4 (1985): 189- 94. The mechanism of action of benzodiazepines is described in W. Haefely, «Tranquilizers,» in Preclinical Psychopharmacology, ed. D. G. Grahame-Smith and P. J. Cowen (Amsterdam: Excepta medica, 1983), 107- 51. The effects of valerian are discussed in: P. D. Leathwood et al., «Aquueous Extract of Valerian Root (Valerian officinalis L.) Improves Sleep Quality in Man,» Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Bchaviour 17 (1982):65-71; and G. Balderer 87 and A. A. Borbely, «Effect of Valerian on Human Sleep, » Psychopharmacology 87 (1985): 406- 9. Chapter 6. «I Didn‘ t Sleep a Wink All Night»: Insomnia and Disorders of Sleeping and Waking The following are surveys of sleep quality and sleep disoders: A. A. Borbely «Schlafgewohnheiten, Schlafqualitat und Schlafmittelkonsum der Schweizer Bevolkerung, » Schweizer Aerztezeitung 65 (1984): 1606- 13; G. D. Mellinger, M. B Balter, and E. H. Uhlenluth, «Insomnia and its Treatment,» Archives of General Psychiahy 42 (1985): 225-32. For a classification of sleep and wake disorders, see Association of Sleep Disorders Centers, «Diagnostic Classification of Sleep and Arousal Disorders» 1st ed., Sleep 2 (1979): 1-137.

249 ا Non-drug treatments of sleep disorders are discussed in W. B. Mendelson «Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia.» In The Use and Misuse of Sleeping Pills (1980, New York: Plenum, 1980), 163-75. For surveys of sleep disorders see: J. M. Gaillard, «Physiologie du sommeil et physiopathologie de l‘insomnie,» Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 109 (1979): 97-103; and P. Hauri, The Sleep Disorders: Current Concepts (Kalamazoo, Mich.: The Upjohn Company, 1982). Somnambulism is the topic of A. Jacobson et al., «Somnambulism: All-night Electroencephalographic Studies,» Science 148 (1965): 975- 77. Snoring and sleep apnea are examined in E. Garfield, «Sleep Disorders,» Current Contents 22 (1983): 5- 10; 23 (1983): 5-11. Chapter 7. Sleep in Animals For a discussion of natural sleep behavior, see H. Hediger, «Natural Sleep Behavior in Vertebrates.» In Functions of the Nervous System, ed. M. Monnier and M. Meulders (Amsterdam: Etsevier, 1983), 105- 30. The sleep EEG in the is discussed in relation to normative studies and the effect of sleep deprivation in: A. A. Borbely and H. U. Neuhaus, «Sleep-dipri-vation: Effect of sleep and EEG in the Rate,» Journal of Comparative Physiology 133 (1979):71- 87; and A. A Borbely, I. Tobler, and M. Hanagasioglu, «Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Sleep and EEG Power Spectra in the Rat, » Behavioral Brain Research 14 (1984): 171- 82. For a suvey of sleep in defferent animal species, see H. Zepelin and A Rechtschaffen, «Mammalian Sleep, Longevity and Energy Metaabolism,»Brain Behavior and evolution 10 (1974): 425-70. For discussions of the evolution of sleep see: E. S. Tauber, «Phelogeny of Sleep,» in Advances in Sleep Research, ed. E. D. Weitzman, vol. I (Flushing, N.Y.: Spectrum Publications, 1974), 133-72; I. Tobler and J. Horne, eds., «Phyloge, netic Approaches to the Functions of sleep,» Sleep 1982. ed. W. P. Koella (Basel Switz.: karger, 1983), 126- 46: I. Tobler, «Evolution of the Sleep Process: A. Phylogenetic Approach,» Sleep Mechanisms: Experimental Brian Research, ed. A. A Borbely and J. L. Valatx, vol. 8, suppl. (Heidelberg, W. Germany: Springer Verlag, 1984), 227- 38; and S. S. Campblell and I. Tobler, «Animal Sleep: A Review of Sleep Duration Across Phylogeny, » Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 8 (1984): 269- 300. Sleep in dolphin is described in L. M. Mukhametov, «Sleep in Marine Mammals.» In sleep Mechanisms. Experimental Brain Research, ed. A. A. Borbely and J. L. Valatx, vol. 8, suppl. (Heidelberg, W. Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1984), 227- 38. For an examination of sleep in insects, see I. Tobler, «effect of Forced Loco motion on the Rest- Activity Cycle of the Cockroach,»Behavioral Brian Research 8 (1983): 351- 60. Rest and rest deprivation in fish is discussed in I. Tobler and A. A. Borbely «Effect of Rest Deprivation on Motor Activity in fish,» Journal of Comparative Phisiology 157 (1985): 817- 22.

250 أﺳﺮار اﻟﻨﻮم Circadian rhythms in plants are described in E. Bunning, The Physiological Clock (Heidelberg, W. Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1973) For a discussion of sleep regulation in animals, see A. A. Borbely, «Sleep Regulation: Circadian Rhythm and Homeostasis.» In Sleep. Clinical and Experimen tal Aspects. Current Topics in Neuroendocrinology, vol. 1, ed. D. Ganten and D. Pfaff (Heidelberg, W. Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1982), 83- 103. Hibernation and tropor are topics of J. M. Walker and R. J. Berger, «Sleep as an Adaptation for Energy Conservation Functionally Related to Hibernation and Shallow Torpor,» Progress in Brain Research 53 (1980): 255- 78; T. S. Kilduff et al, «[14c] 2- Deeoxyglucose Uptake in Ground-Squirrel Brain during Hibernation,» The Journal of Neuroscience 2 (1982): 143-57. Chapter 8. Sleep and the brain For a historical survey of the neurophysiology of sleep, see G. Moruzzi, «The Sleep-Waking Cycle,»Ergebnisse der Physiologie 64 (1972): 1-165. The monoamine theory of sleep regulation is discussed in: M. Jouvet, «the Role of Monoamines and Acetylcholine-containing Neurons in the regulation. of sleep-waking Cycle,» Ergebnisse der Physiologie 64 (1972): 166-307; and M-Jouvet «Neuropharmacology of the Sleep-waking Cycle» in handbook of Psychopharmacology, vol. 8, ed. S. D. Iversen, L. L. Iversen, and S. H. Snyder (New York: Plenum, 1977), 233-93. Contradictory findings with respect to the monomaine theory are presented in A. A. Borbely,«Pharmacology Approeches to Sleep Regulation, » in Sleep Metchanisms and Functions in Humans and Animals—An Evelutiqnary Peryactine, ed. A. Mayes (New York: Van Nestrand Reinhold, 1983), 232- 61. For discussions of REM sleep mechamisms in the brain stem see: A. R. Morri ;94- 86, 1983 son, «A Window on the Sleeping Brain, » Scientific American, April E. Vivaldi, R. W. McCarley, and J. A. Hot‘son, «Evocation of Desynchronized Sleep Signs by Chemical Microstimulation of the Pontine Brain Stem,» in The: Reticular Formation Revisited. ed. J. A. Hobson and M.A.B. Brazier (New York:, Raven Press, 1980(, 513- 59: and J. C. Gillin, N. Sitaram, and W. B. Mendelson «Acetylcholine, Sleep and Depression,» Human Neurobiology 1 (1982): 211-19. New sleep research methods are described in R. Cespuglio et at., «Volta metric Detection of Brain 5- Hydroxyindolamines: A New Technology Applied,. to Sleep Research, » in Sleep Mechanisms: Experimental Brain Research, vol. 8, suppl,ed. A. A. Borbely and J. L. Valatx (Heidelberg, W. Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1984), 95-105. Chapter 9. The Search for Endogenous Sleep Substances Pieeron discusses his «classic» experiments and theories in H. Pieron, Le probleme phusiologique du sommeil (Paris: Masson, 1913). Recent reviews and books include: A. A. Borbely and I. Tobler,«The Search for an Endogenous ‘ Sleep

251 ا Substance‘,» Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 1 (1980): 356- 58; Inouue, K. Uchizono, and H. Nagasaki,«Endogenous Sleep-promoting Factors,» Trends in Neurosciences 8 (1982);218- 20; R. Ursin and A. A. Borbely, eds «Endogenous Sleep Pactors,» in Sleep 1982, edd. W. P. Koella (Basel, Switz Karger, 1983), 106- 25; M. Jouvet, «Indoleamines and Sleep-induring Factor» in Sleep Mechanisme: Experimental Brain Research. vol. 8, suppl., ed. A. A. Borbely and J. L. Valatx (Heidelberg, W. Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1984), 118- 32; J. M. Krueger, «Somnogenic Activity of Muramyl Peptides» Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 6 (1985):218- 221; and S. Inoue and A. A. Borbely, edds., Endogenous Sleep Substances and Sleep Regulation (Utaecht, Neth.: VNU Science Press, 1985). Recent research papers on endogenous substances include: R. Ueno et al «Prostaglandin D2, A Cerebral Sleep-induciny; Substance in Rats,» Procrelings of the National Acatony of Science, USA. 80 (1983): 1735-37; and J. M. Kruueger et al «Sleep-promoting Effects of Endogenous Pyrogen (Interleukin-1).» American Journal of Physiology 246 (1984): R994- 99. Chapter 10. Sleep Deprivation J. A. Horne, «A Review of the Biological Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation in Man, » Biological Psychology 7 (1978): 55-102. One of the first studies of sleep deprivation is G. T. W. Peorisk and J. A Gilbert, «On the Effects of Loss of Sleep,» The Psychological Review 3 (1896): 469- 83. The world record sleep deprivation case is described in G. Gulevich, W Dement, and L. Johnson, «Psychiatric and EEG Observations on a Case of Prolonged (264- hour) wakefulness, » Archives of General Psychiatry 15 (1966): 29-35. For a discussion of performance lests during sleep deprivation, see H. L Williams et al., «Impaired Performance with Acute Sleep Loss,» Psychological Monographs 73 (1959): 1-26. The gradual shortening of sleep duration is examined in D. J. Mullaney et al «Sleep During and After Gradual Sleep Reduction,» Psychophysiology 14 (1977): 137-44. Chronic sleep reduction is the subject of W. B. Webb and H. W. Agnew, Jr., «Are We Chronically sleep Deprived?» Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 6 (1979):47-8. For a discussion of daytime sleepiness, see M. Carskadon, ed., «Curreent Perspectives on Daytime sleepiness,» Sleep 5, suppl. Articles concerning the effects of sleep deprivation in animals include A. A Borbely and H. U. Neuhaus, «Sleep-deprivation: Effects on Sleep and E.F.G. in-The Rat,» Journal of Congarative Physiology, 133(1979):71- 87; and I. Tobler, «Deprivation of Sleep and Rest in Vertebrates and Inverichrates,» in Endegenous Sleep:. Substances and Sleep Regulation. ed. S. Inoue and A. A. Borbely (Utrecht, Neth, VNU Science Press, 1985), 57- 66. For discussions of sleep deprivation and depression, see R. H. Van den Hoof-dakker and D.G.M. Beersma, «Sleep Deprivation, Mood, and Sleep Physiol. ogy, » in Sleep Mechanisme. Experimental Brain Research,. vol. 8, suppl., ed A. A. Borbely and J. L. Valatx (Heidelberg, W. Germany: Springer-

252 أﺳﺮار اﻟﻨﻮم Verlag, 1984), 297- 309; and J. C. Gillin and A. A. Borbely, «Sleep: A Neurobiogical Window on Affective Disorders,» Trends in Neurosciences 8 (1985): 537-42. Chapter 11. Sleep as a Biological Rhythm Long-term ambulatory activity monitoring in man described in A. A. Borbely «Long-tern Recording of Rest-activity cycle in Man» In Application of Bechavioral Pharmacology in Toxicology, ed G. Zbinden et al. (New York: Raven Press, 1983), 39-44. Books and articles on sleep in man under «time-free» Conditions include: M Siffre, Experiences hors du temps (Paris Fayard, 1972); R. A. Wever, The Circadian System of Man (Heildelberg, W. Germany: Springer-Vertlag, 1979); J. Zulley, Der. Einfluss von Zeitgebern auf den Schlaf des Menschen (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1979); C. A Czeisler et al., «Human Sleep: Its Duration and Organization Depend on Its- Circadian Phase,» Science 210 (1980): 1264- 67; and E. Weitzman, «Chronobi ology of Man: Sleep, Temperature and Neuroendocrine Systems,» Human Neurobiology 1 (1982): 173- 83. The classic paper on the site of the internal clock is F. Stephan and I. Zucker, «Circadian Rhythms in Drinking Behavior and Locomotion Activity of Rats are, Eliminated by Hypothalamic Lesions. » Preccedings of the National Academy of Science USA 69 (1972): 1583- 86. Two recent books on the subject are J. Aschoft, S. Daan, and G. A. Groos Vertebrate Circadian Systems: Structure and Physiology (Heidelberg, W. Germany: Springer-Verlag 1982); and M. C. Moore-Ede, F. M. Sulzman, and C. A. Fuller, The Clocks That Time Us: Physiology of the Circadian Timing System (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1982) For a discussion of sleep regulation after climination of the «internal clock,» see I. Tobler, A. A. Borbely, and G. Groos, «The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Sleep in Rats with Suprachiasmatic Lesions, » Neuroscience Letters 42 (1983): 49-54. Sleep and circadian rhythms are examined in G. Groos, «The Physiological Organization of the Circadian Sleep-wake Cycle,» in Sleep Mechanisms. Experimental Brain Research, vol. 8, suppl. ed A. A. Borbely and J. L. Valatx (Heidelberg, W. Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1984), 241-57. The experiment with biased Watches is described In P. R. Lewis and M. C. Lobban, «Dissociation of Diurnal Rhythms in Human Subjects Living in Abnormal Time Routines, » Q uarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 42 (1957): 371-86. The question of whether there are one or two circadian oscillators is ad dressed in R. E. Kronauer et al., «Mathematical Model of the Human Circadian System with Two Interacting Oscillators, » American Journal of Physiology 242 (1982): 3-17; and S. Dann, D. G. M. Beersma, and A. A. Borbely, «The Timing of Human Sleep: Recovery Process Gated by a Circadia Pacemaker, » American Journal of Physiology 246 (1984): R161-78. For a discussion of shift-work, sleep, and circadian rhythms see T. Akerstedt and M. Gillberg, «Displacement of the Sleep Period and Sleep Deprivation, » Human Neurobiology 1 (1982): 163-71; and C. A. Czeisler, M. C. Moore-Ede, and R. M. Colema, «Rotating shift Work Schedules that Disrupt

253 ا Sleep Are lmproved by Applying circadian Principles,» Science 217 (1982): 101- 13. Shifting rhythms as a therapeutic measures is discussed in T. A. Wehr et al., «Phase Advance of the Circadian Sleep-Wake Cycle as an Antidepressant» Science 206 (1979): 710- 13; and C. A. Czeisler et al.,«Chrono-therapy: Reslting 4 the Circadian Clocks of Patients with Delayed Sleep-Phase Insomnia,» Sleep 4 (1981):1-21. Chapter 12. The Purpose of Sleep For study of sleep and locomotor activity in the animal, see M. Haagasioglu and A. A. Borbely, «Effect of Voluntary Locomotor Activity on Sleep in the Rat,» Behavioral Brain Research 4 (1982): 359-68. The circadian rhythm of sleepiness during sleep deprivation is examined in T. AKerstedt and J. E. Froberg, «Psychophsiological Circadian Rhythms in Women During 72 Hours of Sleep Deprivation,» Waking and Sleeping I (1977): 387- 94. The two-process model of Sleep Regulation is described in A. A. Borbely, «A Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation,» Human Neurobiology I (1982): 195- 204; and S. Daan and D. Beersma «Circadian Gating of Human Sleep and Wakeful ness, » in Mathematical Models of the Circadian Sleep-Wake Cycle, ed. M. C. Moore-Ede and C. A. Czeisler (New York: Raven Press, 1983), 129- 58. For discussions of sleep regulation and depression, see A. A. Borbely and A Wirz-Justice. «Sleep, Sleep Deprivation and Depression: A. Hypothesis Derived From a Model of Sleep Regulation,» Human Neurobiology 1 (1982): 205- 10; and J. C. Gillin and A. A. Borrbely, «Sleep: A Neurobiological Window on Affective Disorders,» Trends in Neurosciences 8 (1985): 537-42. The mystery of REM sleep is examined in R. Meddis, The Sleep Instinct (Lon-don: Routledgeand Kegan Paul, 1977); M. Jouvet, «Does a Genetic Program ming of the Brain Oceur During Paradoxical Sleep?»in Cerebral Correlates of, Conscious Experience, ed P. Buser and A. Rougeul-Buser (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978), 245-61; and F. Snyder, «Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Dreaming » American Journal of Psychiatry 123 (1966): 121- 42. For a discussion of theories of sleep, see W. B. Webb, «Theories in Modern Sleep Research.» In Sleep Mechanisms and Functions in Humans and Animals-An Evolutionary Perspective, ed. A. Mayes (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983), 1-17.

254 أﺳﺮار اﻟﻨﻮم

255 اـﻢجﺷﻃﻚﺺﳋ د. اﻟﻜﺴﻨﺪر ﺑﻮرﺑﻠﻲ × ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ. وﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻬﺮ اﻟـﺒـﺎﺣـﺜـحﺟ ﻋﻠﻰ احﺟ اـﻢجﺷﻃﻚﺺﳋ د. أﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ. .٥٢٩١ × ﺟﳋﻋﳋﻻﳒﻇﺟﻚﻹ(ﺲ وﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ-ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب.٢٦٩١اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت احﺟ ﺑﻼﻏﺔ اﳋﻄﺎب وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺺ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ: د. ﺻﻼح ﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺎباﻟﻜﺘﺎباﻟﻜﺘﺎباﻟﻜﺘﺎباﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻘﺎدماﻟﻘﺎدماﻟﻘﺎدماﻟﻘﺎدماﻟﻘﺎدم

256

de ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻳﻘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﻮم.. ذﻟﻚ اﳉﺎﻧﺐ احﺟ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ? وحﺟ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻟحﺟ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﺪم احﺟ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮات احﺟ وﻳﺘﻨﺎول ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ حﺟ اﻟﻨﻮم ﻓﻲ اﳊﻴﻮاﻧﺎتﺟﳋﻋﳋﻻﳒﻇﺟﻚﻹ(ﺲ واحﺟ اﻷﺣﻼمﺟﳋﻋﳋﻻﳒﻇﺟﻚﻹ(ﺲ وﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ. وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ان ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔﺟﳋﻋﳋﻻﳒﻇﺟﻚﻹ(ﺲ وﻏﻄﺔ ﺑﻪﺟﳋﻋﳋﻻﳒﻇﺟﻚﻹ(ﺲ ﻓﺈن اﻣﺨﺎﺧﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎﺟﳋﻋﳋﻻﳒﻇﺟﻚﻹ(ﺲ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺎﻧـﻲ ﺟـﻤـﻴـﻌـﺎ إذا ﺣﺮﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮم. وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﻣﺮض ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷرق حﺟ أﻗﺮاص اﻟﺪواءﺟﳋﻋﳋﻻﳒﻇﺟﻚﻹ(ﺲ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻳﺒﺤﺜﻮن ﻋﻦ ﻣـﻮاد ﻓـﻲ اﺟـﺴـﺎﻣـﻨـﺎ ﺗـﻌـﻄـﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔﺟﳋﻋﳋﻻﳒﻇﺟﻚﻹ(ﺲ وﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﺗحﺟ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ اﻵن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮاتً ﻣﻦ ﺻﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻧﺤﺎء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ. وﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎبﺟﳋﻋﳋﻻﳒﻇﺟﻚﻹ(ﺲ ﺑﻠﻐﺘﻪ اﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻮاﺿﺤﺔﺟﳋﻋﳋﻻﳒﻇﺟﻚﻹ(ﺲ .ًﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻨﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ