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337 اﻟﻬﻮاﻣــﺶ اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ ﻫﻮاﻣﺶ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول ( اﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﻲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺪة إﻟﻰ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ )اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ( أو وﺳﻮف ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬا اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﻌﻨﻲ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻮﻟﻮد اﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻮﻻدةﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وإن ﻛﺎن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻳﻘﺼﺮ ﻫﺬه اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺒﻮﻋﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ اﻷوﻟﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ ﻣﻦ اﳊﻴﺎة. 2)Hutt Lendard and prechtl .1969. )٣( ﻛﺎن اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺼﺮﻳﻮن اﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮن أﺻﻮاﺗﺎ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ آﻻت ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘـﻨـﺒـﻴـﻪ ﺣـﺎﺳـﺔ اﻟـﺴـﻤـﻊ ﻋـﻨـﺪ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻮاﻟﻴﺪ وﻟﺼﺮف ﻫﺪا اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ. وﻻزاﻟﺖ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻮاﻟﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻴﻮمﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ. )٤( ﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋﳊﺒﻜﻦ اﻟﺮﺟﻮع إﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻮﺿﻮع ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎب .١٨٩١ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﺎد اﻟﺪﻳﻦ إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ. دار اﻟﺸﺮق-ﺑﻴﺮوت ﻫﻮاﻣﺶ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ( ﺳﻮف ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺮﺣﻠﺔ: إﻣﺎ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋﳊﺒﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻈﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﺘﺮة )اﻟﺴﻨﺘﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ اﻷوﻟﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ. ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ( ﻳﺘﻨﺎول ﻏﺬاءه-و ﻟﻮ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ-ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻗﺎل ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ )٢( ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﻓﻲ: ﻋﺒﺪه )داود( وﻋﺒﺪه )ﺳﻠﻮى ﺣﻠﻮ(ﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ .٦٠١ ص ١٨٩١ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ-اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ-اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ اﻷول ﻫﻮاﻣﺶ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ )١( ﻳﺘﻨﺎول ﻫﺬا اﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺎت )ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ( ﻋﻠﻢPhonetic )٢( ﻳﺘﻨﺎول ﻫﺬا اﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻔﺮع اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔsemanties )٣( ﻳﺘﻨﺎول ﻫﺬا اﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ )اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺎت( ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻨﻮع اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔSyntax )٤( ﻳﺘﻨﺎول ﻫﺬا اﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻨﻮع اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔPragmatics )٥ ﻳﺴﺮهCooing اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺮﺣﻠﺔ ذاﺗﻬﺎ )٦( أي ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎونﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت و اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﻬﺎ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺮد اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ واﻟﻔﻌﻞ واﳊﺮف واﻟﺼﻔﺔ.. اﻟﺦ. )٧( ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋذﺋﺒﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺗﺨﺎذﻫﻢ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ وﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪ

338 اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻣﺮآة اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ (١٨٩١ﻛﺄﺳﺎس ﻟﻠﺘﻀﻌﻴﻒ )اﻧﻈﺮ إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ و ﻏﺎﻟﻰ ﻫﻮاﻣﺶ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ( ﺳﻮف ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻨﻲ اﻷم أو اﻷب أو ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻣﻘﺎﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ رﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟـﻄـﻔـﻞ.١) ذﻟﻚ أن ﻣﻦ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺟﺪا أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ وﺟﺪاﻧﻴﺔ إﻳـﺠـﺎﺑـﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻊ اﻷم أو اﻷب أو أي ﺷﺨﺺ آﺧﺮ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ رﻋﺎﻳﺘﻪ وﳉﻐﻚﻗهﺋﳊﺒﻨﺤﻪ اﻟﺪفء واﳊﻨﺎن. )٢( راﺟﻊ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﺟﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ: إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴـﻞ )ﻣـﺤـﻤـﺪ ﻋـﻤـﺎد اﻟـﺪﻳـﻦ(ﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻏـﺎﻟـﻲ )ﻣـﺤـﻤـﺪ أﺣـﻤـﺪ(ﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ اﻹﻃـﺎر ﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ: إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ )ﻣـﺤـﻤـﺪ ﻋـﻤـﺎد اﻟـﺪﻳـﻦ(١٨٩١اﻟﻨﻈﺮي ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻤـﻮ. دار اﻟـﻘـﻠـﻢﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ اﻟـﻜـﻮﻳـﺖ .١٨٩١وآﺧﺮﻳﻦ )٣( ﻧﻮع ﻣﻌﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮدة ذو ذﻳﻞ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ وﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ وﻳﺴﻤﻰ: )Rhesus Monkeys.( )٤( اﻧﻈﺮ وﺻﻒ ﻫﺬا اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﻘﻴﺎس ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻫﻮاﻣﺶ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﳋﺎﻣﺲ )١( ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺰاج ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟـﻠـﻔـﺮد ﻣـﺜـﻞ ﺳـﺮﻋـﺔ اﻻﺳـﺘـﺠـﺎﺑـﺔ اﻻﻧـﻔـﻌـﺎﻟـﻴـﺔ وﺷﺪﺗﻬﺎ وﻣﺪاﻫﺎ وﺗﻜﺮارﻫﺎ. ﻫﻮاﻣﺶ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس ( ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻘﺎرﻐذﺬﻚﻹﻚهثﳊﺬﻚﻚعﻖﻚﻗﻚﻂﺒ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت أن ﻳﺮﺟﻊ إﻟﻰ أي ﻛﺘﺎب ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ١) اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﺎم. )٢( ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻃﻔﻠﺔ ﲡﺎوزت اﻟﺴﻨﺘﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻔﻴﺪة اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺆﻟﻒ.

339 ا د. ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﺎد اﻟﺪﻳﻦ إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ × × × .٤٥٩١اﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﺎم × × .٣٦٩١ﻋﻠﻰ وﺳﺎم اﻟﻌﻠﻮم واﻟﻔﻨﻮن ﻋﺎم × وﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔﻐﻰﺜﻰهﺖﳊﻐذﺋﻺﺒ وﻋﻨﻲ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺸﺌﺔ اﻻﺟﺘـﻤـﺎﻋـﻴـﺔ ﻟـﻠـﻄـﻔـﻞ اﻟـﻌـﺮﺑـﻲ وﻣـﺸـﻜـﻼت اﻟﺸﺒﺎب. × » » اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﳋﻠﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻛـﻤـﺎ أﺻـﺪر اﻟـﻌـﺪﻳــﺪ ﻣــﻦ اﻻﺧـــﺘـــﺒـــﺎرات واﳉﻐﻚﻗﻂﺄﺢذﳒﻺﻖﺒـــﻘـــﺎﻳـــﻴـــﺲ اﻟﺴﻴﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ. × ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻋﳉﻐﻚﻗهثذﺺﺒ ﺷﻤﺲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧـﺒـﻴـﺮا دوﻟـﻴـﺎ ﻟـﻌـﻠـﻢ اﻟــﻨــﻔــﺲ ﳉﻐﻚﻗﳊﻹهعﺒﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ ﻣﺪة ﻋﺸﺮ ﺳﻨﻮات. × ﻗـﺴـﻢ اﻟـﺪراﺳـﺎت اﻟـﻨـﻔــﺴــﻴــﺔ واﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺠﺎﻣـﻌـﺔ اﻟـﻔـﺎﰌ ﻣـﻦ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ورﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻮراﺛﺔ واﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ د. ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎباﻟﻜﺘﺎباﻟﻜﺘﺎباﻟﻜﺘﺎباﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻘﺎدماﻟﻘﺎدماﻟﻘﺎدماﻟﻘﺎدماﻟﻘﺎدم

340 ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ×