اندرو بووي الفلسفة الألمانية

اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔاﻷلمﺎﻧﻴﺔ J. G. Herder, Sprachphilosophische Schriften (Hamburg: Meiner, 1964), p. 153. F. D. E. Schleiermacher, Dialektik, ed. L. Jonas (Berlin: Reimer, 1839), p. 563. اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ F. H. Jacobi, in H. Scholz (ed.), Die Hauptschriften zum Pantheismusstreit zwischen Jacobi und Mendelssohn (Berlin: Reuther and Reichard, 1916), p. 51. J. G. Fichte, Werke I (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1971), p. 463; Werke II, p. 239. F. W. J. Schelling, Sämmtliche Werke, ed. K. F. A. Schelling, I Abtheilung Vols. 1–10, II Abtheilung Bde. 1–4 (Stuttgart: Cotta, 1856–61), I/2 p. 53, I/3 p. 341, II/3 p. 7. اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺮاﺑﻊ F. Schlegel, Kritische Schriften und Fragmente, Studienausgabe Vols. 1– 6, ed. Ernst Behler and Hans Eichner (Paderborn, Munich, Vienna, Zürich: Schöningh, 1988), Vol. 2, p. 240, p. 115; Vol. 5, p. 12; Transcendentalphilosophie, ed. Michael Elsässer (Hamburg: Meiner, 1991), pp. 92-3, p. 95, p. 93. Novalis, Werke (Munich: Beck, 1981), p. 226, p. 181, p. 637. F. H. Jacobi, Jacobi an Fichte (Hamburg: Friedrich Perthes, 1799), p. 14. F. Schlegel, Philosophische Lehrjahre (1796–1828) ( Kritische Friedrich Schlegel Ausgabe , Vol. 18) (Munich, Paderborn, Vienna: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1963), p. 518. 122

المﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ L. Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christentums (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1969), p. 400, p. 406. K. Marx, Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte (Leipzig: Reclam, 1970), p. 151, p. 186. K. Marx and F. Engels, Werke, Vol. 13 (Berlin: Dietz, 1956 ff), pp. 8-9. K. Marx, Das Kapital, Vol. 1 (Berlin: Dietz, 1975), p. 52. اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺴﺎدس A. Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, in Sämtliche Werke , Vol. I, ed. Wolfgang Frhr. von Löhneysen (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1986), p. 168; Vol. V, p. 507. F. Nietzsche, Sämtliche Werke. Kritische Studienausgabe in 15 Bänden, ed. Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari (Munich, Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 1980), Vol. 1, p. 47, p. 99, p. 100, p. 880; Vol. 6, pp. 80-1; Vol. 3, p. 467. اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ M. Schlick, in R. Rorty (ed.), The Linguistic Turn (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 51; cited in M. Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 29. B. Bolzano, Grundlegung der Logik (Hamburg: Meiner, 1963), p. 66. I. Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, B p. 172, A p. 133. E. Husserl, Gesammelte Schriften, 9 vols. (Hamburg: Meiner, 1992), Vol. 8, p. 4, p. 60, p. 115, p. 36, p. 23, p. 44. 123

اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔاﻷلمﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ E. Husserl, Gesammelte Schriften, 9 vols. (Hamburg: Meiner, 1992), Vol. 4, p. 666. M. Heidegger, Sein und Zeit (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1979), p. 12, p. 38; M. Heidegger, Ursprung des Kunstwerks (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1960), p. 62; M. Heidegger, Zur Sache des Denkens (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1969), p. 63. اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ W. Benjamin, Gesammelte Schriften (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1980), Vol. I/3, p. 1151. M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno, Dialektik der Aufklärung (Frankfurt: Fis- cher, 1971), p. 1, p. 5. H.-G. Gadamer, Wahrheit und Methode (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1975), p. XXVII; H.-G. Gadamer, Ästhetik und Poetik I. Kunst als Aussage (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1993), p. 342. J. Habermas, MoralbewuBtsein und kommunikatives Handeln (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1983), p. 26. 124

ﻗﺮاءاتإﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ Only English-language secondary literature on German philosophy is cited here. The basic primary texts are those discussed in each chapter: a general list would be too extensive to be useful. ﻣﺮاﺟﻊﻋﺎﻣﺔ A. Bowie, From Romanticism to Critical Theory: The Philosophy of German Literary Theory (London: Routledge, 1997). Presentation of ideas con- cerning literature and truth from Kant and the Romantics to the Frankfurt School. A. Bowie, Aesthetics and Subjectivity: From Kant to Nietzsche, 2nd edn. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003). Considers the cen- tral role of aesthetics in the development of German philosophy. A. Bowie, Introduction to German Philosophy: From Kant to Habermas (Cambridge: Polity, 2003). More extensive account of the issues cov- ered in this book. P. Gorner, Twentieth Century German Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 2000). Examination of Husserl, Heidegger, Gadamer, Habermas, and Apel.

اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔاﻷلمﺎﻧﻴﺔ J. Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity, 1987). Critical overview of modern philosophy by leading German philosopher. A. O’Hear (ed.), German Philosophy After Kant (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Essays on individual philosophers and on central themes in German philosophy. T. Pinkard, German Philosophy 1760–1860: The Legacy of Idealism (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Account of connections between philosophy and history in the period in question. H. Schnädelbach, Philosophy in Germany 1831–1933 (Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 1984). Account which includes much mate- rial on lesser-known academic philosophers. اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻷول H. E. Allison, Kant’s Transcendental Idealism (New Haven, CT: Yale Uni- versity Press, 1983). Defence of Kant’s contentions in the Critique of Pure Reason . K. Ameriks, Interpreting Kant’s Critiques (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003). Essays on new approaches to the interpretation of Kant. E. Cassirer, Kant’s Life and Thought (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982). Biographical and philosophical account of Kant by neo- Kantian philosopher. S. Gardner, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason (London: Routledge, 1999). Detailed introductory ac- count of the first Critique. R. Scruton, Kant: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). General introduction to Kant. 126

ﻗﺮاءاتإﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ P. F. Strawson, The Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (London: Routledge, 1966). Influential analytical account of Kant, which is not reliable in its interpretations of some key issues. اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ H. Adler and W. Koepke, A Companion to the Works of Johann Gottfried Herder (Columbia, SC: Camden House, 2009). Essays on the main as- pects of Herder’s work. I. Berlin, The Magus of the North: J. G. Hamann and the Origins of Modern Irrationalism (London: John Murray, 1993). Readable, but unreliable, interpretation of Hamann. T. German, Hamann on Language and Religion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981). Account by Hamann scholar. J. H. Zammito, Kant, Herder, and the Birth of Anthropology (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 2001). Contextualization of the thought of Kant and Herder in relation to often ignored issues. اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ K. Ameriks (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Essays on the main themes and figures in German Idealism. F. C. Beiser, Hegel (London: Routledge, 2005). Accessible and scholarly introduction. F. C. Beiser, The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987). Study of the im- mediate reactions to Kant, dealing with many unjustly ignored philosophers. 127

اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔاﻷلمﺎﻧﻴﺔ A. Bowie, Schelling and Modern European Philosophy (London: Routledge, 1993). Schelling considered as a major thinker in his own right, rather than as a prelude to Hegel. F. Neuhouser, Fichte’s Theory of Subjectivity (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 1989). Lucid analytical account of Fichte’s arguments. R. B. Pippin, Idealism as Modernism: Hegelian Variations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). Philosophical essays based on the most productive contemporary interpretation of Hegel. C. Taylor, Hegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975). Influen- tial traditional account of Hegel’s philosophy. S. Žižek, The Indivisible Remainder: On Schelling and Related Matters (London: Verso, 2007). Relates Schelling to Žižek’s concerns deriv- ing from Hegel and Lacan. اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺮاﺑﻊ F. C. Beiser, The Romantic Imperative: The Concept of Early German Romanticism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006). Scholarly but interpretatively questionable account of Romantic philosophy. M. Frank, The Philosophical Foundations of Early German Romanticism (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2008). Reliable account by the leading scholar of early Romantic philosophy. N. Saul, Cambridge Companion to German Romanticism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009). Essays on the various philosoph- ical and other dimensions of German Romanticism. 128

ﻗﺮاءاتإﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ W. Breckman, Marx, the Young Hegelians, and the Origins of Radical Social Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Historical reinterpretation of the thought of the Young Hegelians. T. Eagleton, Marx (London: Routledge, 1999). Assessment of Marx’s phi- losophy from a contemporary perspective. J. Elster, An Introduction to Karl Marx (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). Analytical account of Marx. J. Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests (Cambridge: Polity, 1986). Situates Marx in a wider context of critical social theory. K. Korsch, Marxism and Philosophy (London: Pluto, 1970). Influential text by leading Marxist which helped change the image of Marx’s philos- ophy in the 1920s. A. Schmidt, The Concept of Nature in Marx (New York: Schocken, 1978). Account of Marx’s approaches to the question of nature. اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺴﺎدس A. Bowie, Music, Philosophy, and Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 2007). Examines the importance of music for Nietzsche and other modern philosophers. M. Clark, Nietzsche on Truth and Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 1991). Analytical account of Nietzsche. G. Deleuze, Nietzsche and Philosophy (London: Athlone, 1985). Study by major French philosopher. C. Janaway, Schopenhauer: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 2002). Accessible historical and philosophical account of Schopenhauer. 129

اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔاﻷلمﺎﻧﻴﺔ W. Kaufmann, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974). Clear, if uncritical, presentation of Nietzsche’s ideas. B. Magnus and K. M. Higgins (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Collection of essays on major themes. A. Nehamas, Nietzsche: Life as Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 1987). Reinterpretation of the significance of Nietzsche. R. Schacht, Nietzsche (London: Routledge, 1985). Reliable work on major themes in Nietzsche. اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ D. Bell, Husserl (London: Routledge, 1990). Analytical account of Husserl. J. A. Coffa, The Semantic Tradition from Kant to Carnap (Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 1991). Historical account of the sources and early development of analytical philosophy. M. Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Reinterpretations of the work of the Vienna Circle. M. Friedman, A Parting of the Ways: Carnap, Cassirer, and Heidegger (Chicago, IL: Open Court, 2000). Philosophical and historical account of the contrasting analytical, neo-Kantian, and phenomenological tendencies of German philosophy. H. Sluga, Gottlob Frege (London: Routledge, 1980). Historically informed study of the work of Frege. B. Smith and D. Woodruff Smith (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Husserl (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Volume of essays on many aspects of Husserl’s work. 130

ﻗﺮاءاتإﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ H. L. Dreyfus, Being-in-the-World: A Commentary on Heidegger’s “Being and Time,” Division I (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991). Commentary on Heidegger’s most influential work. M. Inwood, Heidegger: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 2000). The best initial point of access to Heidegger. C. Lafont, Heidegger, Language, and World-Disclosure (Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 2000). Critical account of Heidegger on language. S. Mulhall, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Heidegger and Being and Time (London: Routledge, 1996). Detailed introduction to Being and Time. R. Safranski, Martin Heidegger: Between Good and Evil (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). Intellectual and philosophical biog- raphy of Heidegger. اﻟﻔﺼﻞاﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ S. Benhabib, Critique, Norm and Utopia: A Study of the Foundations of Critical Theory (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986). Philo- sophical study of Critical Theory. R. Bernstein (ed.), Habermas and Modernity (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985). Collection of critical essays. P. Connerton, The Tragedy of Enlightenment: An Essay on the Frankfurt School (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980). Study of core ideas in Critical Theory. P. Dews (ed.), Habermas: A Critical Reader (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999). Col- lection of critical essays that approach Habermas from less familiar angles. 131

اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔاﻷلمﺎﻧﻴﺔ D. Ferris, The Cambridge Companion to Walter Benjamin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). Essays on aspects of Benjamin’s thought. R. Geuss, The Idea of a Critical Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). Examination of the possibility of a ‘Critical Theory’. D. Held, Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas (Berke- ley, CA: University of California Press, 1980). Historical and theoret- ical account of Critical Theory. R. Holub, Jürgen Habermas (London: Routledge, 1991). Study of Habermas as social critic. M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923–1950 (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1973). Historical study of the development of the Frankfurt School. G. Rose, The Melancholy Science: An Introduction to the Thought of Theodor W. Adorno (London: Macmillan, 1978). Study of Adorno’s work. G. Warnke, Gadamer: Hermeneutics, Tradition and Reason (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987). Account of the major aspects of Gadamer’s work. 132