الاتجاهات التعصبية

237 ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ا ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ أوﻻ: اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ: - أﺑﻮ اﻟﻨﻴﻞ )ﻣﺤﻤﻮد(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ دراﺳﺎت ﻣﺼﺮﻳﺔ وﻋﺎضﻢ .٨٧٩١ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺐ اﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ واضﻢ .٠٨٩١- اﺑﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮرﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻌﺮبﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة: دار اضﻢ .٦٨٩١- أﺣﻤﺪ )زﻛﻲ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻷﻣﻦ اﻹﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻠﻲﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﺑﻴﺮوت: دار اﻟـﻮﺳـﺎمﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ٣ - أﺣﻤﺪ )رﻳﺎض(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﺼﻬﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎضﻢ .٣٨٩١واﻟﺘـﻮزﻳـﻊﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ - أرﺟﺎﻳﻞ )ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻞ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ وﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﳊﻴﺎة اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﺗـﺮﺟـﻤـﺔ ﻋـﺒـﺪ اﻟـﺴـﺘـﺎر إﺑـﺮاﻫـﻴـﻢﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ٥ .٣٧٩١اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة: دار اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﳉﺎﻣﻌـﻴـﺔﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ .٦٧٩١- اﻟﺒﺪوي )ﺣﺴﻦ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﳊﺮب ﻓﻲ أرض اﻟﺴﻼمﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة: دار اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌـﺮﺑـﻲﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ٦ - اﻟﺴﻴﺪ )ﻋﺒﺪ اﳊﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ واﻹﻋﻼمﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة: دار اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ٧ .٩٧٩١واﻟﻨـﺸـﺮﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ .٠٨٩١- اﻟﺴﻴﺪ )ﻋﺒﺪ اﳊﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد( اﻷﺳﺮة وإﺑﺪاع اﻷﺑﻨﺎءﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة: دار اضﻢ - اﻟﺴﻴﺪ )ﻋﺒﺪ اﳊﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد( وآﺧﺮونﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة: دار اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ٩ .٧٨٩١واﻟﻨـﺸـﺮﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ - اﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎوي )ﻓﺘﺤﻲ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ دراﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻵدابﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﺟـﺎﻣـﻌـﺔ٠١ .٤٨٩١ﻋضﻢ - اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ )رﻳﺠﻴﻨﺎ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﺼﻬﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻴﻬﻮدﻳﺔ: ﺟﺬورﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ: أﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ١١ ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻌﺪد٥٨٩١اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻠﻪﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اضﻢ - اضﻢ .٩٤١-١٤١ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ص ٨٨٩١اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ أﺑـﺮﻳـﻞ .١٨٩١- ﺣﺴضﻢ - ﺣﺴضﻢ .٢٨٩١اضﻢ .٣٨٩١- ﺣﻔﻨﻲ )ﻗﺪري( اﻹﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻠﻴﻮن.. ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ? دراﺳﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻘـﺎﻫـﺮةﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ٥١ (١٤ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻌﺪد )٨٨٩١- زﻛﻲ )ﻧﺒﻴﻞ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ .٤٦-٤٢ص .٠٠٣-٥٨٢٬ ٣٬ ٧٬ ٢٥٩١- زﻳﻮر )ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ .٨٦٩١- ﺳﻮﻳﻒ )ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﺘﻄﺮف ﻛﺄﺳﻠﻮب ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮةﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻷﳒﻠﻮ اضﻢ - ﺳﻮﻳﻒ )ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ: ﻣﻌﺎضﻢ .٨٧٩١اضﻢ .٣٨٩١- ﺳﻮﻳﻒ )ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮةﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻷﳒﻠﻮ اضﻢ

238 اﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ - ﺳﻮﻳﻒ )ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﳊﻀﺎرة واﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ أﻟﻘﻴﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﻤﻨﺎر ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﺑﻜﻠـﻴـﺔ١٢ .٥٨٩١اﻵدابﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻘـﺎﻫـﺮةﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ - ﺳﻼﻣﺔ )أﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ وﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻐﻔﺎر )ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺴﻼم(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة: دار٢٢ اﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ )ﻣﻦ دون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ(. ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ٥٨٩١- ﻇﺎﻇﺎ )ﺣﺴﻦ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻹﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻠﻴﺔﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ: وزارة اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟـﻜـﻮﻳـﺘـﻴـﺔﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ٣٢ .٢٦-٣١اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊ ص - ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ )أﺳﻌﺪ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ .٣٣-١٣ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ص ٨٨٩١إﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻠﻴﺔ - ﻓﺮاج )ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻓﺮﻏﻠﻲ(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻣﺮﺿﻰ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺮﻓﻬﻢ واﻋﺘﺪاﻟﻬﻢﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة: اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اضﻢ .١٧٩١ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ واﻟﻨـﺸـﺮﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ - ﻣﻨﺼﻮر )ﺧﻴﺮي(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻋﺎﺑﺮون ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺪة ﻋﺎﺑﺮةﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻷﻗﻼم اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻴﺔﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ واﻟﻌﺸﺮونﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ٦٢ .١٥١-٠٥١( ص ٦ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ اﻟﻌـﺪد )٠٨٩١ﺣﺰﻳـﺮان - ﻣﻨﻌﻢ )ﻃﺎﻧﻴﻮس(ﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﻴﻬﻮدﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﻬﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺼﺮاﻧﻴﺔ واﻹﺳﻼمﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﺑﻴﺮوت: ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻮﺗﺎﻧﺎ٧٢ )ﻣﻦ دون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ(. : اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ:ًﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ 28- Adorno, T.W. et al., The Authoritarian Personality, New York: Harper, 1950. 29- Allport, G., The Nature of Prejudice, Garden City: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. 1958. 30- Allport, G., “Prejudice: Is it Social or Personal”, J. Soc. Issues, 1962,18,120-134. 31- Allport, G., & Kramer, B.M. “Some Roots of Prejudice” J. Psychol., 1946,22,9-39. 32- Allport, G., & Rose, M., “Personal Religious Orientation and Prejudice”, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 1967,5,432-443. 33- Ashmore, R. & Delaoca, F., “Conceptual Approaches to Stereotypes and Stereotyping”, In: D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behavior Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1981. 34- Bagley, C., Prejudice in England, In: N. Warren & M. Jahoda (Ed.), Attitudes, London: Penguin Books 2ed., 1973. 35- Bandura, A., Aggression: A Social-Learning Analysis Englewood cliffis, N.J. Prentice-Hall, 1973. 36- Bandura, A., Social Learning Theory, Englewood Cliffs N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1977. 37- Bandura, A., & Walters, R., Social Learning and Personality Development, New York: Holt, Rinhart & Winston, Inc., 1963. 38- Bandura, A. et al., “Imitation of Film-Mediated Aggressive Models”, In: D. Byrne & M.L. Hamilton (Eds.), Personality Research: A Book of Reading, London: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966, 98-109. 39- Baron, A. B. et al., Social Psychology: Understanding Human Interaction, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, inc., 1974.

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245 ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ا 170- Pettigrew, T., “Personality and Sociocultural Factors in Ingroup Atitudes: A Cross National Comparison”, J. Confl. Resol., 1958,2, 29-42. 171- Pettigrew, T.F., Social Psychology and Desegregation Research. Amer. Psychol., 1961,16, 105- 112. 172- Pettigrew, T. (Ed.), The Sociology of Race Relations: Reflection and Reform, New York: The Free Press, 1980. 173- Powdermaker, H., Probing our Prejudices, NewYork: Harper, 1944. 174- Prothro, E. T. & Miles, O., “A Comparison of Ethnic Attitudes of College Students and middle Class Adults From the Same State”, J. Soc Psychol., 1952, 36, 53-58. 175- Pushkin, I. & Veness, T., “The Development of Racial Awareness and Prejudice in Childern”, In P. Watson (Ed.), Psychology and Race, Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1973, PP 23-56. 176- Raven, B. H. & Rubin, J.Z., Social Psychology, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983. 177- Ray, J., “Do Authoritarians Hold Authoritarian Attitudes”? Hum. Relat., 1976,29,307-325. 178- Ray, J., “The Authoritarian as Measured By a personality Scale: Solid Citizen or Misfit”? J. Clin. Psychol., 1979 “a”, 35, 744-745. 179- Ray, J. “A Short Balanced F Scale”, J. Soc. Psychol., 1979 “b”, 109,309-310. 180- Ray, J., “Authoritarian Tolerance”, J.Soc. Psychol., 1980, 111,9-17. 181- Reid, A., “The American Negro”, In: J. B. Gittler (Ed.), Minority Groups, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1956, 70-83. 182- Richards H. & Gamache R. , Belief Polarity: A Useful Construct for Studies of Prejudices, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1979,39,791-801. 183- Robbins L. & Kahn, E., “Sex Discrimination and Sex Equity for Paculty Women in the 1980, Journal of Social Issues, 1985,41,4,1-16. 184- Rokeach, M. (Ed.), The Open and Closed Mind, New York Basic Books, Inc., 1960 “a”. 185- Rokeach, N., “The Organization of Belief-Disbelief Systems”, In: M. Rokeach(Ed.), The Open and Closed Mind, New York: Easic Books, Inc., 1960 “b”, 31-53. 186- Rokeach, M., “The Measurement of Open and Closed Systems, In: M. Rokeach (Ed.), The Open and Closed Mind, New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1960 “c”, 71-97. 187- Rokeach, M., “Dogmatism and Opinionation in Religion and Politics”, In: N. M. Rokeach (Ed.), The Open and Closed Mind, New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1960 “d”, 109-131. 188- Rokeach, M., “Authority, Authoritarianism and Conformity” In: A. Berg et al., (Eds.), Conformity and Deviation, New York: Harper, 1961. 189- Rokeach, M., “A Theory of Organization and Change Within Value-Attitude Systems”, J. Soc. Issues, 1968 “a”, 42,13-33. 190- Rokeach, M., Beliefs, Attitudes and Values: A Theory of Organization and Change, San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publishers, 1968 “b”. 191- Rokeach, M., “Faith, Hope and Bigotry”, Psychol, Today, 1970,3,33-37.

246 اﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ 192- Rokeach, M., The Nature of Human Values, New York: The Free Press, 1973. 193- Rokeach, M., Some Unresolved Issues in Theories of Beliefs, Attitudes and Values, University of Nebraska Press, 1980. 194- Rokeach, M., “Inducing Change and Stabiligy in Belief Systems and Personality Structures”, J. Soc. Issues, 1985,41 (1), 153-171. 195- Rokeach, M., & Restle, F., “A Fundamental Distinction Between Open and Closed Systems”, In: M. Rokeach (Ed.), The Open and Closed Kind New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1960,55-70. 196- Rokeach, M., & Mezei, L., “Race and Shared Beliefs as Factors in Social Choice”, Science, 1966,151,167-172. 197- Rokeach, M. et al., Tow Kinds of Prejudice or One? In: M. Rokeach (Ed.), The Open and Closed Mind, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1960, “a”, 132-168. 198- Rokeach, M. et al., “Dogmatic Thinking Versus Rigid Thinking: An Experimental Distinction”, In: M. Rokeach (Ed.) The Open and Closed Mind, New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1960 “b”, 182- 195. 199- Rose, A., Sociology, New York: Knopf, 1965. 200- Rosenkrantz, P. et al., “Sex Role Stereotye and Self Concept in College Studens”, J. Consult, Clin, Psychol., 1968,32,287-295. 201- Rothbart, M., “Achieving Racial Equality: An Analysis of Resistance to Social Reform”, In: P. Katz (Ed.) Towards The Elimination of Racism, New York: Pergamon Press, 1976. 202- Rushton, J.P., “Altruism and Aggression: The Heritabiligy of Individual Differences”, J. Pers, Soc. Psychol., 1986, Vol. 50, No.6, 1192-1198. 203- Russell, E.W. “Christianity and Militarism”, Peace Research Review, 1971,4,1-80. 204- Saenger, G., The Social Psychology of Prejudice, New York Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1953. 205- Sahakian, W., Systematic Social Psychology, New York Chandler Publishing Company, 1974. 206- Sanford, N., “The Roots of Prejudice: Emotional Dynamics” In: P. Watson (Ed.), Psychology and Race, Chicago Aldine Publishing Company, 1973, PP. 57-75. 207- Sarma, S., “Prejudice and Personality”, In: T.E. Shanugam (Ed.), Researches in Personality and Social Problems, India: Madras, 1973. 208- Sears, D. et al., Social Psychology, London: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 5th ed., 1985. 209- Sears, R.R., “Effects of Frustration and Axiety on Fantasy Aggression”, In: D. Byrne & M.L. Hamilton (Eds.) Personality Research: A Book of Reading, London Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966, 91- 97. 210- Secord, P. & Backman, C., Social Psychology, New York McGraw-Hill, 1964. 211- Sherif, M., In Common Predicament: Social Psychology of Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1966. 212- Sherif, M. & Sherif, C., Groups in Harmony and Tensions, New York: Harper, 1953. 213- Sherif, M. & Sherif, C., (Eds.), Problems of Youth: Transition to Adulthood in A changing World,

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248 اﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ Race, Chicago: Aldine Publishing Comany, 1973, PP. 76-95. 235- Tajfel, H., “Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination”, Scienific American, 223,96-102. 236- Tajfel, H., Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies In Social Psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. 237- Tajfel, H., “Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations” Ann. Rev. Psychol., 1982,33,1-39. 238- Tajfel,H., (Ed.), The Social Dimensions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984 “a”. 239- Tajfel, H., “Inter group Relations, Social Myths and Social Justice in Social Psychology”, In: H. Tajfel (Ed.), The Social Dimension, Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1984 “b”. 240- Tajfel, H., & Forgas, J., “Social Categorization: Cognition Values and Groups, In: Forgas (Ed.), Social Cognition: Perspectives on Everyday Understanding, New York: Academic, 1981, 113- 140. 241- Tajfel, H. & Turner, J., An “integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict”, In: W. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Monterey, Calif: Brooks Cole, 1979. 242- Tajfel, H. & Wilkes, A., “Classification and Quantitave Judgment”, Brit. J. Psychol., 1963, 54, 101-114. 243- Taylor, S.E., et al., “The Generalizability of Salience effects”, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 1979, 37, 357-368. 244- Thomas, W., “The Mind of Women and The Lower Races” In: T. Pettigrew (Ed.), The Sociology of Race Relations: Reflection and Reform, New York The Free Press, 1980,10-14. 245- Triandis, H., A Note on Rokeach’s Theory of Prejudice”, J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol., 1961,62,184- 186. 246- Triandis, H., Attitudes and Attitudes Change, New York: Wiley, 1971. 247- Triandis, H. & Vassiliou, V., “Frequency of Contact and Stereotyping”, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1967,7,316-328. 248- Tumin, M., “Ethnic Groups”, In: J. Gould & W. Kolf (Eds) A Dictionary of the Social Science, New York: Free Press, 1964,243-244. 249- Turner, J., “Social Indentification and Psychologyical Groups Formation”, In: H. Tajfel (Ed.), The Social Dimension, London: Cambridge University Press, 1984, Vol. 2, 518-538. 250- Turner, J.C. & Giles, H. (Ed.), Intergroup Behavior, Oxford: Blackwell, 1981. 251- Vanneman, R.D. & Pettigrew, T.F., “Race and Relative Deprivation in The Urban United States”, Race, 1972,13,461-486. 252- Walsh, M., “Academic Professional Women Organization for Change”, J. Soc. Issues, 1985, 41, 4, 17-28. 253- Warren, H., Dictionary of Psychology, New York: River side Press, 1934. 254- Warren N. & Jahoda, (Eds.), Attitudes, London: Penguin Books, 1973. 255- Watson, P., Psychology and Race (Ed.), Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1973.

249 ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ا 256- Weigel, R. & Howes, P. “Conceptions of Racial Prejudice Symbolic Racism Reconsidered”, J. Soc. Issues, 1985,41(3), 117-138. 257- Wilder, D. Cooper, W., “Categorization Into Groups: Consequences for Social Persception and Attribution”, In: J.H. Harvey et al., (Eds). New Directions for Attribution Research, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1981,247-277. 258- White, R.K., “Misperception in the Arab-Israeli Conflict”, J. Soc. Issues, 1977,33(1), 190-221. 259- Williams, J.E. et al., “Sex-Trait Stereotypes in England, Ireland and the United States”, Brit.J.Soc. Clin. Psychol., 1977, 17, 303-309. 260- Williams, R., The Reduction of Intergroup Tensions: A Survey of Research on Problems of Ethnic, Racial and Religious Group Relations New York: Social Science Research Council Bull., 1947 (Through: J. Harding et al., 1975). 261- Williams, R., American Society: A Sociological Interpretation, 2nd ed., New York: Knowpf, 1960 (Through: J. Harding et al., 1975). 262- Williams, R. M., Strangers NextDoor, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall, 1964. 263- Wilson, G. D., “Social Attitudes Correlates of Eysenck Personality Dimensions”, Soc., Behav,Pers. 1973,1 (2) 115-118. 264- Wilson, G.D., “Personality and Social Behavior” In: H.J. Eysenck (Ed.), A Model for Personality New York Springer-Verlag,1981. 265- Wilson, G.& Patterson, J., “A New Measure of Conservation”, Brit. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol., 1968,7, 264-269. 266- Wilson, W.C., “Extrinsic Religious Values and Prejudice” J. Abnorm. Soc. Psycol., 1960,60 (2), 286-288. 267- Wrightsman, L.S & Deaux, Social Psychology in the 80s California: Brooks Cole Publishing Company 3rd ed., 1981. 268- Yinger, J. M. & Simpson, G. E., Techniques for Reducing prejudice: Changing The Prejudiced Person In: P. Watson (Ed.), Psychology and Race, Chicago Aldine Bublishing Company, 1973, PP. 96-145. 269- Zanden, J., American Minority Relations, New York: Ronald Press, 1966. 270- Zanna, M. et al., “Positive and Negative Attitudinal Affect Established by Classical Conditioning J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1970,14,321-328.

250 اﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ

251 اﻰـﺐﳋﻪًﻟﻤﺨ٤ﻂخﺞﲡﺆﻟﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﻮر د. ﻣﻌﺘﺰ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻪ .٧٥٩١ .٩٧٩١ × .٧٨٩١ﻋﺎم × اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ × ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة-ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ.ً ﻣﺪرﺳﺎً أدب اﻟﺮﺣﻼت ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ: ﺣﺴضﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻘﺎدم

ضﻢ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ واضﻢ اﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑضﻢ ﻫﺬه اﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ اﳋﺼﺎلﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ واﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻛﻞ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء اﳉﻤﺎﻋـﺎت اﻷﺧـﺮقﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﺳـﻮاء ﻓـﻲ ذﻟـﻚ اﻻﲡـﺎﻫـﺎت اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ اضﻢ واﻟﺘﻌﺎون واﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ أو اﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ )اﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐ( اﻟـﺘـﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﺪى ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻌﺪاوة واﻟﻜﺮاﻫﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﻔﻮر ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أﻋﻀﺎء ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ أﺧﺮى. ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺎوﻟﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﳊﺎﻟﻴـﺔ اﻟـﺘـﺼـﺪي ﻟﻬﺬا اضﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻫﺘﻤﺖ ﺑﻪﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ضﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪة )اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ( ﺑـضﻢ إﻃﺎر ﻫﺬه اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اضﻢ ﻣﻦ اﳉﻬﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻻﲡﺎه. وﺗﻨﻄﻮي ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻮر ﻧﻈﺮة وواﻗﻌﻲ ضﻢ اﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ: ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ اضﻢ وﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اضﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ-اﻛﺘﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ وضﻢ أو اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺴﻴﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ اضﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎلﻢﻔسﻔﻫﺠﲢﻢﻃﺬثﺼ وﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻨﻤﻮذج ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺎرزة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ. de