المتلاعبون بالعقول

241 اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ وا 28) “Public Relations Today“, p. 41. (29) Hugh C. Hoffman and Robert C. Worcester, “The International Scene: A Review of Current Practices“, Public Relations Quarterly 13, No. 1, (Spring 1968): 12-17. (30) “Public Relations Today“, p. 42. )١٣( ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ واﻟﺬي أﳒﺰ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﻮات ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻀﺖ )واﻷرﺟﺢ أﻧﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة(طسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ اﻧﻈﺮ: 32) Harry Muller, “Latin America: How U.S. Corporate Prestige Stacks Up“, Public Relations Journal 22, No. 6, (June 1966): 20. (33) Hill and Knowlton International, Handbook and International Public Relations, 2 Vols. (New York: Praeger, 1968). (34) Arthur Reef, “The Satellite Beams Its First PR Program“, Public Relations Journal 25, No. 11 (November 1969): 17. (35) T. J. Ross, “Some Observations on Public Relations Progress“, in Perspective in Public Relations, ed. Raymond Simon (Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966), p. 20. (36) Joseph T. Klapper, ed., “News and Notes“, Public Opinion Quarterly 33, No. 2 (Summer 1969):284. (37) Gallup Organization, “International Opinion Trends“ (Princeton, N. J.: Gallup Organization, Inc., n.d.). (38) Arthur C. Nielsen, Sr., Greater Prosperity Through Marketing Research: The First 40 Years of the A. C. Nielsen Company (New York: Newcomen Society in North America, 1964), p. 34. (39) Ernest S. Bradfore, Comp., Bradford‘s Directory of Marketing Research Agencies and Management Consultants in the United States and the World, 1965-1966 (Fairfax, Va.: Bradford‘s Directory of Marketing Research Agencies, 1965-66), p. 44. (40) V. Lewis Bassie, “Question That Survey“, Illinois Business Review 10, No. 11, (November 1953):2. (41) Edith Marie Bjorklund, “Research and Evaluation Programs of the U.S. Information Agency and the Overseas Information Center Libraries“, Library Quarterly 38, No. 4, (October 1968): 414. وﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ وﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺟﺮاء اﺳﺘـﻄـﻼﻋـﺎت اﻟـﺮأي ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎت ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ-ﺗﻮن ﻧﻴﻮز ﻣﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﺼﻔﻬﺎطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ و)طءّﺨﺧ(ﺧﳋﻠﻚ ﻣﻨﺸﻮرات ﻫﻴﺮﺳﺖ ﻧﺼﻔﻬﺎ اﻵﺧﺮ. و)طءّﻸﺢﺧ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ وراء اﻟﺒﺤﺎرطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺿﻤﻨﺖ ﻣـﺸـﺎﻫـﺪ ﻣـﻘـﺤـﻤـﺔ ﻣـﻦ إﻋـﺪاد وﻛـﺎﻟـﺔ اﻻﺳـﺘـﻌـﻼﻣـﺎت اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ. The subsidies kept this newsreel company solvent long after their competitors had folded. Variety, 7 May 1969. )٢٤( ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻬﻞ داﺋﻤﺎ أن ﻧﺤﺪد ﻣﺪى اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ اﳉـﻬـﺔ اﻟـﻘـﺎﺋـﻤـﺔ ﺑـﺈﺟـﺮاء اﺳـﺘـﻄـﻼع اﻟـﺮأي ﻓﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺤﻮث اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ )BMRB(طسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ اﻧﻈﺮ: J.Walter Thompson, Annual Report, 1969, p. 4.

242 ا 43) Robert C. Albrook, “Europe‘s Lush Market for Advice-American Preferred“, Fortune, July 1969, pp. 128-131. (44) Henry Giniger, “Westerners Filling a Technology Gap in Algeria“, New York Times, 24 June 1971. (45) D. S. Greenberg, “Consulting: U. S. Firms Thrive on Jobs for European Clients“, Science, 29 November 1968, p. 986. (46) Ibid., p. 987. (47) Clem Morgello, “The Stock Market‘s Foreign Market“, Newsweek, 27 January 1969, p. 82. )٨٤( ﻓﻔﻲ إﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻞطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ ﺗﻨﺸﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﻴﺮوﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻮﺳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺤﺘﻬﺎ اﻷوﻟﻰ أﺳﻌﺎر ﻟﻸوراق ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ 49) New York Stock Exchange Directory, 1969, (New York: Commerce Clearing House, 1969), pp. 697-98. (50) Herber I. Schiller, Mass Communications and American Empire, (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1969; paper edition, Beacon Press, 1971), especially ch. 1, “Electronics and Economics Serving an American Century“. (51) Tom Sutton, “A Profits‘ Prophet“, International Advertiser 10, No. 2, (1969): 6. (52) Robert Sarnoff, “Toward a Global Common Market of Communications“, (Address delivered to the American Chamber of Commerce in France and the American Club of Paris, February 12, 1970). اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ 1) Pete Drucker, The Age of Discontinuity, (New York: Harper and Row, 1968), p. 276. (2) Ibid. (3) Ibid., pp. 277-78. (4) Edward H. Carr, The New Society (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), p. 53. (5) George Lichtheim, “What Socialism Is and Is Not“, New York Review of Books, 9 April 1970, p.44. (6) Raymond Williams, “Saying ‘No‘ to labor“, Nation, 15 June 1970, pp. 710-12. (7) Jerry Rubin, Do It (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), p. 142. (8) New York Times, 5 August 1970. (9) Daniel Bell, “The Balance of Knowledge and Power“, MIT Technology Review, June 1969, pp. 43- 44. (10) New York Times, 5 August 1970. (11) Los Angeles Times, 21 September 1970. (12) Staughton Lynd, “Again-Don‘t Tread on Me“, Newsweek, 6 July 1970, p. 31. (13) Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture (New York: Anchor, 1969). (14) Advertising Age, 8 June 1970, p. 44.

243 اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ وا 15) New York Times, 14 and 21 November 1969. )٦١ اﻋﺘﺎدوا أن ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮوا اﳊﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ وﺣﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺗﺎ)طءّﺨﺧﺄﳋﺰطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ ٤١ ﻧﻮﻓﻤـﺒـﺮ ٩٦٩١. )٧١( اﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻬﺎدة را)طءّﺨﺧﺄﳋﻮﻧﺪ. ب. ﻧﻴﻜﺴﻮن أﻣﺎم ﺟﻠﺴﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎع ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﺸـﻴـﻮخ اﻟـﻔـﺮﻋـﻴـﺔطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ )طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1968), pp. 2841-2842. (18) Bryce Rucker, The First Freedom, (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1968), pp. 140-157. (19) “The Rich Rewards of Pioneering...”, Television, March 1968, pp. 27-51. (20) New York Times, 21 November 1969. (21) “Rich Rewards“, pp. 27-51. (22) Arthur C. Nielsen, Sr., “Greater Prospects Through Marketing Research“, address before the Newcomen Society, Chicago, 30 April 1964. (23) J. K. Galbraith, The New Industrial State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967). (24) William Haley, “News and Documentaries on U.S. Television“, in Survey of Broadcast Journalism, 1968-69, ed. Marvin Barrett, (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1969), p. 60. (25) New York Times, 14 November 1969. (26) Broadcasting, 15 April 1969, pp. 23-26. (27) Ibid. (28) Television Age, 23 September 1968, p. 29. (29) Ibid., p. 29. (30) Broadcasting, 31 August 1970, p. 57. (31) Variety, 19 November 1969, p. 1. (32) Ibid., p. 47. (33) Edwin Diamond, New York, 10 May 1971. (34) Variety, 12 August 1970, p. 31. (35) Variety, 29 July 1970, p. 1. (36) Variety, 31 December 1969. (37) New York Times, 27 June 1970. (38) Los Angeles Times, 28 June 1972. (39) New York Times, 24 August 1970. (40) Los Angeles Times, 20 September 1970. (41) Jules Witcover, “Nixon Fall Campaign Strategy Takes Shape“, Los Angeles Times, 24 August,1972. (42) Richard Halloran, “Tactics Disputed in Fight to Win Release of P.O.W.’s“, New York Times, 7 June 1971. (43) New york Times, 20 November 1969.

244 ا 44) U.S., Congress, House, Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Modern Communications and Foreign Policy (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1967), pp. 6061. (45) Norman H. Nie, “Hello Central, Give Me Heaven“, University of Chicago Magazine 62 (May/ June 1970), p. 4. (46) Richard M. Freeland, The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of Mc-Carthyism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), p. 89. (47) U.S., House of Representatives, Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, The Future of United States Public Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968), p. 54. (48) Stuart Symington, “Congress‘ Right to Know“, New York Times Magazine, 9 August 1970, p. 7. (49) Richard L. Tobin, “The Coming Age of News Monopoly“, Saturday Review, 10 October 1970, p.51. (50) New York Times, 23 December 1972. (51) New York Times, 20 December 1972. (52) New York Times, 23 December 1972. (53) New York Times, 9 October 1972. (54) E. J. Quindlen, Assistant Director for Government Preparedness, office of Emergency Preparedness, testimony before a subcommittee of the House Committee on Government Operations. U.S. Government Information Policies and Practices-Problems of Congress in Obtaining Information from the Executive Branch, Part 8, (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1972), p. 2940. (55) William S. Moorhead, Congressional Record, 25 October 1972, pp. E 8940-8941. اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ 1) Harold Lasswell, “Policy Problems of a Data-Rich Society“, in Information Technology in a Democracy, ed. Alan F. Westin (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 187-197. (2) John C. Merrill and Ralph L. Lowenstein, Media Messages and Men, (New York: David McKay, 1971), pp. 260-261. (3) Stuart Umpleby, “Citizen Sampling Simulation: A Method for Involving the Public in Social Planning“, Policy Sciences 1, No. 3, (Fall 1970): 361-375). Also see “Fourth Generation Electronic Mass Communications Media“, by Stuart Umpleby, prepared for the National Conference on Computer Application in Human Communication held at the University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, Tennessee, 11-13 October 1971; and Harold Sackman, Mass Information Utilities and Social Excellence (Princeton, N. J.: Auerbach, 1971). (4) Minerva: A Participatory Technology, research proposal submitted to the National Science Foundation by The Center for Policy Research, 1 February 1971. (5) James W. Carey and John J. Quirk, “The History of the Future“, in Communications‘ Technology

245 اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ وا and Social Policy, eds. George Gerbner, Larry P. Gross, and William H. Melody (New York: Wiley Interscience, 1973). (6) Sackman. Mass Information Utitities, p. 52. (7) Morry Roth, “Pie-In-Sky Cable TV Comes Down to Earth: Hitch Now is Capital“, Variety, 24 May 1972, p. 38. (8) Ralph Lee Smith, “CATV: Its Impact on Existing Technologies and Institutions“, in Gerbner et al., Communications Technology. (9) Lee Metcalf, United Senate, Congressional Record, 28 June 1972, S 10432-10446. (10) Congressional Record, 30 March 1972, pp. E 3169-3175. (11) Thomas De Baggio, “Corporate Secrecy: Issue for the Seventies“, Nation, 28 February 1972, p.267. (12) Robert Boguslaw, “Systems of Power and Power of Systems“, in Westin, Information Technology, pp. 427-428. (13) George Kozmetzky and Timothy W. Ruefli, “Newer Concepts of Management. Profits, Profitability“, Information Technology (New York: The Conference Board, 1972), p. 91. (14) Boguslaw, Systems of Power, p. 429. (15) Carey and Quirk, “History of the Future“. (16) Edwin B. Parker, “Assessment and Control of Communications Technology“, in Gerbner et al., Communications Technology. (17) Edwin B. Parker, “On-Line Polling and Voting“, in Planning Community Information Utilities, eds. Harold Sackman and B. Boehm (Montvale, N. J.: AFIPS Press, 1972). (18) Los Angeles Times, 15 March 1972. (19) Stanley E. Cohen, “Contrary To Some Fears, Madison Ave. Is Safe and FTC Hearing End.” Advertising Age, 22 November 1971, pp. 4, 52. )٠٢( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺣﺎوﻟﺖ اﳊﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ اﳉﻠﺴﺎت أﺑﻠﻐﺘﻨﻲ ﳉﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻔﻴﺪراﻟﻴﺔطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ أن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻧﺴﺨﺎ ﻣﻌﺪة ﻟﻼﻃﻼع ﻓﻲ ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ(. أو )طءّﺨﺧﺄﳋﻜﻨﻨﻲ ﺷﺮاء اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ اﳉﻠﺴﺎت. 21) Michael Tanzer, The Sick Society: An Economic Examination (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971). (22) Lasswell, “Policy Problems“, p. 191. (23) John Gurley, “The Future of American Capitalism“, Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 12 (Autumn 1972), pp. 15-16. (24) New York Times, 27 November 1972. Peter Kihss, “Nixon, In Church, Praised by Peale As A Peacemaker“.

246 ا

247 اﺞكﻺص ﻫﺮﺑﺮت ﻓﻴﺸﺮ * أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺎدة * ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ذﻟﻚ أﺳﺘﺎذا )طءّﺄﻏﺨﺌﳋﻌﻬﺪ إﻟﻴﻨﻮيطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ وﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أﻣﺴﺘﺮدام. * ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ اﺞكﻺص ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺴﻼم رﺿﻮان * ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻧﺲ آداب ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻋ)طءّﺨﺠ(ىﳋ ﺷﻤﺲطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ٩٦٩١. * ﺗﺮﺟﻢ ﻋﺪة ﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ: » رﻳــﺘــﺸــﺎرد ﻣــﻴــﺘــﺸــﻴـــﻞ ٦٧٩١طسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ ٤٨٩١-ﻣـــﻜـــﺘـــﺒـــﺔ ﻣــــﺪﺑــــﻮﻟــــﻲطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ- دار اﻟﻔﻜﺮ ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ » دﻳﺐطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ ٧٨٩١-ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ ﻟﻸﺑﺤﺎثطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ ﺑﻴﺮوت ﺑـﺎﻟـﻌـﻘـﻮل اﻟﻌﺪد ٦٠١ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ-أﻛـــﺘــــﻮﺑــــﺮ ٦٨٩١. » ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ اﻷ)طءّﺨﺨﻏّﳊﳋ ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ-اﻟﻌـﺪد ٠٥١ ﻣﻦ-ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎرﺳﻮﻧﺰ إﻟﻰ ﻫﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﺎس( ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ: د. ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴ)طءّﺨﺠ(ىﳋ ﻏﻠﻮم ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ: د. ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺼﻔﻮر اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻘﺎدم

248 ٠٩٩١-دار اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﳉﺪﻳﺪطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة ﺑﻌﺪ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ-ﻣﺎرس ٨٩٩١. ﻛﻤﺎ راﺟﻊ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ: » - » - * ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻔﻨﻮن واﻵداب

)طءّﺨﺧ(ﺧﳋﺜﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳـﺔ ﻟـﻮﺳـﺎﺋـﻞ اﻻﺗـﺼـﺎل ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻮﻻﻳـﺎت ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﺎ)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ اﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ وآﻟﻴﺎت أداﺋﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎدة اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻮب اﻷﺧﺮى. ﻓﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ أﻣﺮﻳﻜـﺎ اﻟـﺸـﻤـﺎﻟـﻴـﺔ ﻳﺠﺮي ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﺎ)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﺧﺎرج اﻟـﻮﻻﻳـﺎت ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ ﺿﺮورﻳﺎ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﻠﺤﺔ. وﺿﻤﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎبطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ ﻳﻄﺮح ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺟﻤﻊ وﻧﺸﺮ ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ اﻟﻘﻮى ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﺪي ا)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ إﻋﻼﻣـﻴـﺔ ﻣـﺜـﻞ اﺳـﺘـﻄـﻼﻋـﺎت اﻟـﺮأيطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ واﻹﻋـﻼن اﻟـﺘـﻠـﻔـﺰﻳـﻮﻧـﻲطسﻫسﺨﺖﺄط(ﺧﺢﳋ وأﻓـﻼم وﻣﻨﺸﻮرات واﻟﺖ دﻳﺰﻧﻲ... إﻟﺦ ـ ﻣﺪى ﻗﻮة ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ وﻋﻠﻮ ﺧﺒﺮة ﻫﺆﻻء ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ أﻓﻜﺎرﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻏﻤﺮ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴ)طءّﺨﺠ(ىﳋ ﺑﺎ)طءّﺛﺒﻈ(ﳊﺢ » de