الإبدال والإعلال دراسة صرفية وصوتية في مؤلف إعراب القرآن للمقري

اﻟﻔﻬﺮس 254 أوﻻ: إﺑﺪالاﻟﺼﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺎﻣﺖ .........................................................................129 1 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﺘﺎء د : ...................................................................................128 ازدادواْ: .........................................................................................................128 .........................................................................................................129 اﳌﺪﺮ :............................................................................................................130 ﻣﺪﺮ :............................................................................................................130 ﻣﺰدﺟﺮ............................................................................................................131 ﺰدري:..........................................................................................................132 إدارك :...........................................................................................................133 2 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﺘﺎء زا : .......................................................................................134 :...........................................................................................................134 :...........................................................................................................135 اﺻﻄﱪ:..........................................................................................................135 ﺗﺼﻄﻠﻮن:.......................................................................................................136 :...........................................................................................................136 :...........................................................................................................137 3 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﺘﺎء ﺻﺎدا: .....................................................................................138 :........................................................................................................138 4 -إﺑﺪال اال ء : ......................................................................................139

اﻟﻔﻬﺮس 255 :...........................................................................................................139 5 -إﺑﺪال اال ء :......................................................................................140 ﺗﺼﺪﯾﺔ:..........................................................................................................140 6 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﺮاء ﺻﺎدا:....................................................................................140 ﴏﴏا".........................................................................................................140 7 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﺮاء ءً :.......................................................................................141 ﻗﺮن:.............................................................................................................141 8 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﻼم ﻧﻮ :......................................................................................142 :............................................................................................................142 9 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﻨﻮن ﻣ :.....................................................................................143 ﳌﺎ:................................................................................................................143 10 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﺴﲔ ءً : .................................................................................145 اﲣﺬ:.............................................................................................................145 11 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﻮاو ء .......................................................................................146 ﺗﱰى:.............................................................................................................146 ﺗﻘﺎة:..............................................................................................................147 اﻟﺘﻮراة: ........................................................................................................148 12 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﻬﺎء ﳘﺰة:.....................................................................................149 اﳌﺎء:..............................................................................................................149

اﻟﻔﻬﺮس 256 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﺼﺎﺋﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺎﻣﺖ :........................................................................150 1 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﻄﺎء ء :......................................................................................150 :...........................................................................................................150 2 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﻨﻮن أﻟﻔﺎً......................................................................................151 :.........................................................................................................151 3 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﻨﻮن ء :......................................................................................153 دﯾﻨﺎر:............................................................................................................153 4 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﺴﲔ ءً :.....................................................................................154 دﺳﺎﻫﺎ:...........................................................................................................154 ﻟﺜﺎ-إﺑﺪال اﻟﺼﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺎﺋﺖ: .........................................................................154 1 -إﺑﺪال اﻷﻟﻒ ﻫﺎء: ....................................................................................154 ........................................ :.......................................................................154 2 -:.......................................................................................155 أﺑﺖِ :.............................................................................................................155 3 -إﺑﺪال اﻟﯿﺎء ﻫﺎءً:......................................................................................156 ﻫﺬﻩ:.............................................................................................................156 اﳌﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ:اﻹﻼل ﰲ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ إﻋﺮاب اﻟﻘﺮآن :......................................................157 أوﻻ-: ........................................................................................157 1 -ﻗﻠﺐ اﳍﻤﺰة أﻟﻔﺎ: .....................................................................................157 :.......................................................................................................157

اﻟﻔﻬﺮس 257 ﻣﺴﺎﺗﻪ:..........................................................................................................158 ﺳﺄل:.............................................................................................................158 ﻟﱰون:...........................................................................................................159 اﻟﻨﺎس.............................................................................................................161 2 -ﻗﻠﺐ اﳍﻤﺰة واوا:.....................................................................................161 ﺗﻮاﺬ :.........................................................................................................161 ﻫﺎر:..............................................................................................................162 3 -ﻗﻠﺐ اﳍﻤﺰة ءً :.......................................................................................163 :............................................................................................................163 ﺑﺲ: .............................................................................................................164 أﲚﺔ.................................................................................................................165 دري:.............................................................................................................166 أؤﺗﻤﻦ :..........................................................................................................167 4 -ﻗﻠﺐ اﻷﻟﻒ ء :......................................................................................168 ﺸـــﺮاي:........................................................................................................168 5 -ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﻮاو ﳘﺰة:......................................................................................169 ﯾﻠﻮون:..........................................................................................................169 ﻣﲀء:.............................................................................................................170 أﺪ:............................................................................................................170

اﻟﻔﻬﺮس 258 :..........................................................................................................171 6 -ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﻮاو أﻟﻔﺎ: .......................................................................................171 اﳌﺂب: ............................................................................................................171 ذات:.............................................................................................................172 :.......................................................................................................173 اﺳﺘﺤﻮذ : .......................................................................................................174 7 -ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﻮاو ء :......................................................................................175 اﻟﻘﻮم:............................................................................................................175 ﻟﯿﺎً:................................................................................................................176 ﺣﺚ:...........................................................................................................176 دراً:............................................................................................................177 :...........................................................................................................178 :............................................................................................................178 ﻋﺘﯿﺎ:.............................................................................................................179 ﺑﻐﯿﺎ:.............................................................................................................180 ﻣﺮﺿﯿﺎ :...........................................................................................................181 ﻜﺎ:..............................................................................................................182 :.............................................................................................................183 ﺧﻔﺔ:............................................................................................................184 اﻟﺮﳛﺎن : ..........................................................................................................184

اﻟﻔﻬﺮس 259 8 -ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﻮاو ء :........................................................................................185 وﻠﺖ:.........................................................................................................185 9 -ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﯿﺎء ﳘﺰة........................................................................................186 ﺿﯿﺎء: ............................................................................................................186 10 -ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﯿﺎء ﳘﺰة....................................................................................187 ﻣﻌﺎﺶ: ..........................................................................................................187 اﻟﻄﺎﻏﻮت: .......................................................................................................188 11 -ﻗﻠﺐ اﻷﻟﻒ ءً : ....................................................................................189 ﻛﺄﻦ: .............................................................................................................189 12 -ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﻮاو أﻟﻔﺎ......................................................................................190 وﻠﺖ: ..........................................................................................................190 آت: ............................................................................................................191 ﻣﺮﱘ: .............................................................................................................192 :اﻹﻼ ل ﳊﺬف .........................................................................................192 1 -......................................... :................................................192 أﻓﻠﺢ: .............................................................................................................192 2 -ﺬف اﻷﻟﻒ: .........................................................................................193 ذو: ..............................................................................................................193 ﻫﲅ: ..............................................................................................................194

اﻟﻔﻬﺮس 260 ........................................................................................... :..................195 ﺑﻨﲔ................................................................................................................195 3 -ﺬف اﻟﻮاو: ..........................................................................................196 رَﺿَﻮْاْ : ............................................................................................................196 اﻟﺴﻊ: ............................................................................................................197 ﺬ: ..............................................................................................................198 ذر: ...............................................................................................................199 ﻗﻮاْ: .............................................................................................................199 ﯾﱰﰼ وﲥﻨﻮا ........................................................................................................200 ﺗﺬر: ..............................................................................................................201 ............................... :................................................................................201 ﺗﺪُﻠُﻦ : ..........................................................................................................202 أﺧﺖ: ..........................................................................................................202 آء: ..............................................................................................................203 ﺻﺎل: .............................................................................................................203 ﻣﻌﲔ: ............................................................................................................204 ....................................... :.....................................................................204 4 -.................. :.........................................................................205 أﺑﻨﺎء: .............................................................................................................205

اﻟﻔﻬﺮس 261 ﺑﲏ: ..............................................................................................................205 اﻦ أُم: .......................................................................................................206 ﺗ: .............................................................................................................206 :........................................................................................................207 ﻏﻮاشٍ :...........................................................................................................208 دانٍ : .............................................................................................................208 ﻋﻔﺮﯾﺖ :..........................................................................................................209 اﳌﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ: :...................................................210 .........................: :...................................................210 1 -)Morphology..: : (...................................................210 2 -اﻷﺻﻮات: .............................................................................................212 3 -اﻟﻔﻮﻧﲓ: ..................................................................................................217 4 -اﳌﻘﻄﻊ....................................................................................................218 5 -اﻟﻨﱪ: ....................................................................................................220 6 -... :..........................................................................221 -............................................................. :222 1 -اﻹﺑﺪال: ...............................................................................222 2 -اﻹﻼل : .............................................................................224 ﻟﺜﺎ-اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﲔ اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ ﻟﻺﺑﺪال واﻹﻼل ﻋﻨﺪ اﶈﺪﺛﲔ : ...........................................225 1-واﺎﻟﻔﺔ .........................................................................................225

اﻟﻔﻬﺮس 262 أ-...............................................................................................225 ب- اﺎﻟﻔﺔ Dissimilation......... :........................................................226 2 -اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﲔ اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ: .....................................................................................227 أ- ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة اﻟﺘﻮازﻧﯿﺔ: .............................................................................227 ب- : ...........................................................................227 ج- : )( ............................................................227 د- ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﳉﻬﺪ اﻷﻗﻮى: .................................................................................228 ه- ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺴﺐ اﻟﺴﺎرع : ..............................................................................228 و- ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﳌﺆﺮات اﳋﺎرﺟﺔ : ...........................................................................228 ﺗﻌﻘﺐ: ..........................................................................................................228 أ- : ..................................................................................229 ب- : ............................................................................230 ﺎﲤﺔ...............................................................................................................234 ﻣﻠﺤﻖ..........................................................235 ﻗﺎﲚﺔ اﳌﺼﺎدر واﳌﺮاﺟﻊ..........................................................................................239 اﻟﻔﻬﺮس............................................................................................................247

Résumé La métathèse et l’adoucissement sont des phénomènes morphologiques, ce sont des substitutions partielles dans l’aspect de la prononciation du mot. Les grammairiens ont noté ce changement et se sont chargés de son analyse , de son raisonnement , et sont arrivés à des résultats précis. Cependant, une partie des linguist es arabes modernes ont critiqué certains points : ils ont associé ces deux phénomènes à la grammaire, et ils ont accordé beaucoup plus d’importance à la phonétique qu’à la graphie, ils n’ont pas consacré une terminologie précise à cette étude. Mots-clés : structure morphologique, consonnes, voyelles, métathèse , adoucissement. Abstract The metathesis and softening (smoothing) are morphological phenomena; they are partial substitutions in the aspect of pronunciation of the word. The grammarians noted this change and were responsible for its analysis and its reasoning and arrived at precised results. However, part of the modern Arab linguists criticized some points: they as sociated these two phenomen a with grammar, attached much more importance to phonetics than graphic art and did not devote a precise terminology to this study. Key words: morphological structure, co nsonants, vowels, metathesis, softening (smoothing). ﻣﻠﺨﺺ: اﻹﺑﺪال واﻹﻋﻼل ﻇﺎھﺮﺗﺎن ﻣﻦ ﻇﻮاھﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ، وھﻤﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﺮﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻓﻲاﻟﻤﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ، ﻓﻘﺪ ﻻﺣﻆ اﻟﺼﺮﻓﯿﻮن ھﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﺘﺘﺒﻌﻮا ﻣﻈﺎھﺮه ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ و اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻞ ، وﺗﻮﺻﻠﻮا إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻠﻤﯿﺔ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ. وﻗﺪ اﻧﺘﻘﺪ ﻓﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﺮب اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺛﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺤﺎة اﻟﻘﺪاﻣﻰ ﻓﻲﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ:أﻧﮭﻢ أﻟﺤﻘﻮا دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻈﺎھﺮﺗﯿﻦ ﺑﺄﺑﻮاب اﻟﻨﺤﻮ و اﻟﺼﺮف، و اھﺘﻤﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮب أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻮت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻮق ، وﻟﻢ ﯾﻮﺣﺪوا اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ . اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﯿﺔ :اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ، اﻟﺼﻮاﻣﺖ، اﻟﺼﻮاﺋﺖ ، اﻹﺑﺪال ، اﻹﻋﻼل.